FNDRC NBCD C9 (Fat Soluble Vitamins)

Question 1

Other terms for Vitamin A?

Answer 1

1. Retinoic Acid
2. Retinal
3. Retinol
4. Dehydroretinol
5. Anti-infective medicine

Question 2

🧪 Chemical Properties of Vitamin A

🔹 Stability:

✅ Stable to:
❌ Destroyed by:

🔹 Forms in Animal Sources:
1. It is the alcohol form & the biologically active form.
2. It is the aldehyde form
3. It is the acid form and the terminal product. It is non-reversible
4. It is the combination of retinol + fatty acids. It is the ____ form

🔄 What is/are the interconvertible form?
🔚 What is/are the non-reversible form?

🔹 Forms in Plant Sources :

1. It is the precursor of Vitamin A?
2. What are the classifications of the said precursor?
3. What is the most potent type?
4. _____ can be cleaved to form 2 retinol molecules via ____ _____ (what process)?

🔹 Key Term:

_____ is the main biologically active form of Vitamin A in ______ foods

Answer 2

🧪 Chemical Properties of Vitamin A

🔹 Stability:

✅ Stable to: Heat, Acid, and Alkali (in ordinary cooking temperatures)
❌ Destroyed by: Oxidative agents (especially when fats go rancid) and Light

🔹 Forms in Animal Sources:
1. RETINOL - It is the alcohol form & the biologically active form.
2. RETINAL - It is the aldehyde form
3. RETINOIC ACID- It is the acid form and the terminal product. It is non-reversible
4. RETINYL ESTERS - It is the combination of retinol + fatty acids. It is the storage form

🔄 What is/are the interconvertible form?
1. Retinol
2. Retinal
3. Retinyl Esters

🔚 What is/are the non-reversible form?
1. Retinoic acid

🔹 Forms in Plant Sources :
1. It is the precursor of Vitamin A? Carotenoids
2. What are the classifications of the said precursor?
a.) Beta-carotene
b.) Alpha-carotene
c.) Beta cryptoxanthin

3. What is the most potent type? Beta-carotene
4. Beta carotein can be cleaved to form 2 retinol molecules via oxidative cleavage?

🔹 Key Term:

RETINOL is the main biologically active form of Vitamin A in ANIMAL foods

Question 3

What is the main unit of measure for Vitamin A?

Answer 3

RE or Retinol Equivalent

Question 4

What is the main unit of measure for Vitamin A activity?

Answer 4

International Unit (IU) and Micrograms (ug)

Question 5

What is the main rule is computing the Vit A Activity?

Answer 5

preformed form + provitamin form = RE

OR

Active form + inactive form (plants) = RE

OR

Retinol + plant form = RE

Question 6

CONVERSION VALUES TO REMEMBER IN COMPUTING VITAMIN A ACTIVITY?

Answer 6

i.) RE = 1 ug retinol (3.33 IU)

ii.) 1RE = 6 ug beta carotene (10 IU)

iii.) 1RE = 12 ug carotenoid

Question 7

What are the formulas for converting microgram and IU to RE:

Answer 7

i.) ug retinol + ug beta carotene = RE

ii.) ug betacarotene + ug carotenoid = RE

iii.) IU retinol + IU beta-carotene = RE

iv.) ug retinol + ug beta carotene + ug carotenoid = RE

Question 8

1. What are the forms of vitamin A form PLANT sources?
2. Collectively, they are called?
3. Degree of Absorption: Fast or Slow?

Answer 8

1. Beta carotene, Alpha carotene, Beta cryptoxanthin
2. Provitamin A / Precursors of Vitamin A
3. Slower absorption since they need to be converted.

Question 9

1. What are the forms of vitamin A from PLANT sources?
2. Collectively, they are called?
3. Degree of Absorption: Fast or Slow?

Question 10

ABSORPTION OF VITAMIN:

I.) Preformed Vitamin A (retinol, retinyl esters):

Retinyl esters (mainly _______) are hydrolyzed into ______ + ____

______ is absorbed by intestinal cells

____ aids in digestion and absorption

II.) Provitamin A (carotenoids):

Absorbed less efficiently.
Absorption Rate of Preformed: ___
Absorption Rate of Provitamin: ___%

It require conversion to _____

___ µg beta-carotene = __ µg retinol activity

Answer 10

ABSORPTION OF VITAMIN:

I.) Preformed Vitamin A (retinol, retinyl esters):

Retinyl esters (mainly retinyl palmitate) are hydrolyzed into FREE retinol + fatty acid

FREE RETINOL is absorbed by intestinal cells

BILE aids in digestion and absorption

II.) Provitamin A (carotenoids):

Absorbed less efficiently.
Absorption Rate of Preformed: 75%
Absorption Rate of Provitamin: 5-50%

It require conversion to RETINOL

6 µg beta-carotene = 1 µg retinol activity

Question 11

TRANSPORT OF VITAMIN A
Inside intestinal cells:

____ is re-esterified to ____

Packaged into _____

Transported via _____ → to ____ (where it is stored)

Answer 11

TRANSPORT OF VITAMIN A
Inside intestinal cells:

RETINOL is re-esterified to RETINYL ESTERS

Packaged into CHYLOMICRONS

Transported via LYMPHATIC SYSTEM → to LIVER (where it is stored)

Question 12

STORAGE OF VITAMIN A
___% will be stored in the liver as _____

Answer 12

90% will be stored in the liver as RETINYL ESTERS

Question 13

UTILIZATION OF VITAMIN A

When needed:

_____ is released from the liver

Bound to ______ (what transport protein) → transported in blood

Inside cells:

Intracellular binding proteins help guide vitamin A to where it’s needed:

_____ – for retinol

_____ – for retinoic acid

Vitamin A reaches cell nuclei to regulate gene expression, especially in growth and vision

❗ Conversion of ____ → _____ is irreversible

Answer 13

UTILIZATION OF VITAMIN A

When needed:
RETINOL is released from the liver

Bound to RETINOL BINDING PROTEIN (what transport protein) → transported in blood

Inside cells:

Intracellular binding proteins help guide vitamin A to where it’s needed:
CELLULAR RETINOL BP (CRBP) – for retinol

CELLULAR RETINOIC ACID BP (CRABP) – for retinoic acid

Vitamin A reaches cell nuclei to regulate gene expression, especially in growth and vision

❗ Conversion of RETINAL → RETINOIC ACID is irreversible

Question 14

VITAMIN A’S RELATIONSHIP TO OTHER NUTRIENTS

1. What is needed to cleave beta carotene to retinol?
2. Why does protein status affects Vitamin A metabolism?
3. How zinc deficiency interferes with vitamin A metabolism?

Answer 14

1. Vitamin E
2. the transport and use of the vitamin are dependent on vitamin A- binding proteins
3. 🔹 A. Impaired Release of Vitamin A from the Liver

Zinc is needed to make Retinol Binding Protein (RBP) —
the protein that transports vitamin A (retinol) from the liver to the blood.

Without enough zinc → less RBP → vitamin A cannot be released → leads to deficiency symptoms even if liver stores are full.

🔹 B. Reduced Conversion of Retinol to Retinal

Zinc acts as a cofactor for the enzyme that converts retinol (alcohol form) to retinal (aldehyde form), which is needed for vision (especially night vision).

Without zinc, this conversion is inefficient, affecting visual function.

🔹 C. Affects Intestinal Absorption of Vitamin A

Zinc helps maintain the integrity of intestinal cells, which are important for absorbing fat-soluble vitamins like vitamin A.

A lack of zinc can lead to poor vitamin A absorption in the gut.

Question 15

What are the functions of Vitamin A?

Answer 15

V- Vision
I - Immune function
R - Reproduction
G - Gene expression
I - Integrity of Epithelium
N - Normal skeletal growth
C- Cancer prevention
H - Hearing (normal functioning of the middle ear)
E - Epithelial meaintenance
F - Formation of teeth and bones

Question 16

What are the manifestations of Vitamin A deficiency?

Answer 16

1. Nyctalopia
2. Xerosis
3. Xerophthalmia
4. Bitot’s spots
5. Keratinization of Tissues
6. Hypovitaminosis A
7. Impaired growth and development
8. Depressed immune function

Question 17

A vitamin A deficiency that is characterized by cessation of bone growth, painful joints, cracks in teeth and atrophy of dentin.

Answer 17

HYPOVITAMINOSIS A

Question 18

What is Nyctalopia?

Answer 18

a.) Night blindness – difficulty seeing in dim light

b.) Early symptom of Vitamin A deficiency; due to impaired regeneration of rhodopsin

Question 19

What is the early symptom of Vitamin A deficiency; due to impaired regeneration of rhodopsin

Answer 19

Nyctalopia

Question 20

What is Bitot’s Spots?

Answer 20

Foamy, whitish-gray patches on the conjunctiva of the eye

Buildup of keratinized epithelial cells; sign of prolonged deficiency

Question 21

What is Xerosis?

Answer 21

Abnormal dryness of the eyes (cornea or conjunctiva) Due to lack of mucus secretion; eye surface dries out

Question 22

What is Xerophthalmia?

Answer 22

a. Progressive eye disorder from dryness to blindness
b. Advanced deficiency; includes xerosis, Bitot’s spots, and corneal ulceration

Question 23

What happens when there is a Keratinization of tissues?

Answer 23

Hardening and thickening of skin and mucosal surfaces Vitamin A is needed for normal epithelial cell turnover

Question 24

What are the manifestations of Hypervitaminosis C?

Answer 24

headache, dizziness, nausea, dry and itchy skin, hemoglobin losses, cessation of menstruation, induced bleeding.

Question 25

What is hypercarotenemia?

Answer 25

a benign and reversible medical condition where an excess of dietary carotenoids results in orange discoloration of the outermost skin layer. The discoloration is most easily observed in light-skinned people and may be mistaken for jaundice.

Question 26

Yes or No: Too much consumption of Vitamin A could result to Teratogenicity. Explain TERATOGENIC.

Answer 26

Yes. the ability of a substance or agent to cause developmental abnormalities in a fetus during pregnancy. It describes the property of causing birth defects or other malformations in a developing embryo or fetus.

Question 27

Yes or No: Vitamin A toxicity can cause developmental abnormalities in a fetus during pregnancy.

Answer 27

yes

Question 28

What are the conditions or Who ar the groups that needs extra/higher intake of vitamin A?

Answer 28

1. Alcoholism 2. Diseases of the pancreas 3. Respiratory illness 4. Chronic nephritis 5. Measles 6. Intestinal parasites 7. Acute protein deficiency 8. Prolonged use of neomycin 9. Sulfate and cortisone 10. Steatorrhea

Question 29

Provitamin A food items can be taken from?

Answer 29

green leafy vegetables such as kangkong (swamp cabbage), saluyot, camote (sweet potato) tops or leaves, and ampalaya (bitter gourd) leaves as well as yellow fruits and vegetables such as squash, carrots, ripe mango, and papaya.

Question 30

Preformed Vitamin A food sources can be taken from?

Answer 30

liver, organ meats, egg yolk, fish liver oils, butter, and fortified margarines.

Question 31

In evaluating vitamin A status, _______ is commonly used. Its levels are relatively constants unless in conditions of ________ or ________ to the point that the vitamin can no longer be complexed for storage in the liver.

Answer 31

In evaluating vitamin A status, serum retinol is commonly used. Serum retinol levels are relatively constants unless in conditions of severe deficiency or excessive intake to the point that the vitamin can no longer be complexed for storage in the liver.

Question 32

RECITE THE CRITERIA USED TO DETERMINE SERUM RETINOL STATUS.

Answer 32

DEFICIENT = <10ug/dl MARGINAL = 10 - 30 ug/dl ACCEPTABLE = >30 ug/dl

Question 33

What are the other names for Vitamin D?

Answer 33

1. Cholecaciferol (D3) 2. Ergocalciferol (D2) 3. Antirachitic Factor 4. Calcitriol 5. Calcidiol

Question 34

CHEMISTRY OF VITAMIN D: Vitamin D exists in two main forms in the diet: 1. __________, which comes from ____ sources like ____,____, & ____. 2. _________, which is found in ______ and some _____ sources. Both D₂ and D₃ are collectively referred to as _____. What makes Vitamin D unique is that it functions as both a _____ and a _____. While we can get it from food, the body can also ________. This happens when the skin is exposed to _________ from ____, which convert ___________ (a substance in the skin derived from cholesterol) into ________. However, the Vitamin D produced or taken in from the diet is not yet ____. It must undergo two activation steps in the body: 1. First, it travels to the ____, where it is converted to ___________. 2. Then to the ______, where it is transformed into the active form called ________ or ______. This active form of Vitamin D is what helps regulate ______ and ______ in the body — essential for strong bones and many other functions.

Answer 34

CHEMISTRY OF VITAMIN D: Vitamin D exists in two main forms in the diet: 1. CHOLECALCIFEROL (D3), which comes from ANIMAL sources like LIVER,____, & EGG YOLK. 2. ERGOCALCIFEROL (D2), which is found in VITAMIN D FORTIFIED FOODS and some PLANT sources. Both D₂ and D₃ are collectively referred to as CALCIFEROL. What makes Vitamin D unique is that it functions as both a VITAMIN and a HORMONE. While we can get it from food, the body can also SYNTHESIZE IT NATURALLY. This happens when the skin is exposed to ULTRAVIOLET B LIGHT RAYS from SUNLIGHT, which convert 7-DEHYDROCHOLESTEROL (a substance in the skin derived from cholesterol) into CHOLECALCIFEROL (D3). However, the Vitamin D produced or taken in from the diet is not yet ACTIVE. It must undergo two activation steps in the body: 1. First, it travels to the LIVER, where it is converted to 25-HYDROXYCHOLECALCIFEROL 2. Then to the KIDNEY, where it is transformed into the active form called 1,25-DIHYDROXYCHOLECALCIFEROL or CALCITRIOL. This active form of Vitamin D is what helps regulate CALCIUM and PHOSPHORUS in the body — essential for strong bones and many other functions.

Question 35

🌞 1. Sources of Vitamin D From the diet: Vitamin D (D₂ or D₃) is absorbed in the _____, with the help of ___. From the skin: _______ is made when the skin is exposed to sunlight (UVB rays). 🩸 2. Transport in the Body Dietary Vitamin D is absorbed into the _____ ______ and then packaged into _____, which enter the _____ and then the _____. _______ from the skin enters the _____ directly and is carried by a special protein called ____________. Both forms (from food and skin) are sent to the ____. 🧪 3. Activation Process (2 Steps) a. What is the first step? This forms ______ or _____, also called _____. This is the main circulating form and is measured in blood tests b. When blood ____ or ____ drops, the ______ increases. _____ signals the kidneys to convert ______ into the active form, called: ______ or _______. 💪 4. Utilization / Functions of Active Vitamin D (Calcitriol) Increases _______ & _______ absorption in the intestines Promotes ______ of ______ in the kidneys (so it isn’t lost in urine) Stimulates ____ of _____ and ____ from _____ when needed Helps maintain normal blood calcium and phosphorus levels — essential for bone health, nerve function, and muscle contraction

Answer 35

🌞 1. Sources of Vitamin D From the diet: Vitamin D (D₂ or D₃) is absorbed in the SMALL INTESTINE, with the help of BILE. From the skin: CHOLECALCIFEROL (D3) is made when the skin is exposed to sunlight (UVB rays). 🩸 2. Transport in the Body Dietary Vitamin D is absorbed into the INTESTINAL CELLS and then packaged into CHYLOMICRONS, which enter the LYMPHATIC SYSTEM and then the BLOODSTREAM. CHOLECALCIFEROL (D3) from the skin enters the BLOODSTREAM directly and is carried by a special protein called VITAMIN D BINDING PROTEIN. Both forms (from food and skin) are sent to the LIVER. 🧪 3. Activation Process (2 Steps) a. HYDROXYLATION IN THE LIVER. This forms 25-HYDROXYCHOLECALCIFEROL or 25(OH)D, also called CALCIDIOL. This is the main circulating form and is measured in blood tests b. When blood CALCIUM & PHOSPHORUS drops, the PARATHYROID HORMONE (PTH) increases. PTH signals the kidneys to convert 25(OH)D into the active form, called: 1,25-DIHYDROXYCHOLECALCIFEROL or CALCITRIOL. 💪 4. Utilization / Functions of Active Vitamin D (Calcitriol) Increases CA & P absorption in the intestines Promotes REABSORPTION of CA in the kidneys (so it isn’t lost in urine) Stimulates RELEASE of CA and P from THE BONES when needed Helps maintain normal blood calcium and phosphorus levels — essential for bone health, nerve function, and muscle contraction

Question 36

🌿 Vitamin D and Other Nutrients: How They're Connected 1. Calcium and Phosphorus 2. Parathyroid Hormone (PTH) 3. Phosphorus 4. Calcitonin 5. Vitamin K

Answer 36

🌿 Vitamin D and Other Nutrients: How They're Connected 1. Calcium and Phosphorus Vitamin D’s main job is to help the intestines absorb calcium and phosphorus from food. When Vitamin D is low, calcium and phosphorus absorption decreases. The body then starts breaking down bone to release stored calcium = ❗️bone weakening. 2. Parathyroid Hormone (PTH) When blood calcium levels are low, the parathyroid glands release PTH. PTH stimulates the kidneys to convert Vitamin D into its active form (calcitriol). Calcitriol then helps raise calcium levels by: Increasing intestinal absorption Reducing calcium loss in urine Releasing calcium from bones 3. Phosphorus If phosphorus in the blood is too high, it can suppress the activation of Vitamin D in the kidneys. This limits calcium absorption, which may lead to bone problems. 4. Calcitonin A hormone from the thyroid gland that works opposite of PTH. When calcium levels are high, calcitonin lowers blood calcium by: Inhibiting bone resorption Helping deposit calcium into bones Works together with Vitamin D to regulate balance. 5. Vitamin K Vitamin D activates genes that produce calcium-binding proteins (like osteocalcin) in bones and soft tissues. These proteins need Vitamin K to be fully activated so that calcium is properly used and stored in bones, not in blood vessels or organs.

Question 37

Aside from Calcium and Phosphorus Homeostasis, what are the other functions of VItamin D?

Answer 37

1. Gene Regulation Calcitriol acts on the nucleus of cells to regulate gene expression. It can turn on or off genes that control cell growth, immune response, and calcium transport. 2. Wider Tissue Effects Vitamin D acts on many organs and tissues, including the brain, pancreas, skin, muscles, cartilage, and reproductive organs. It is being studied for its potential role in reducing the risk of certain cancers, diabetes, and autoimmune diseases.

Question 38

What is the Vitamin D Deficiency for CHILDREN? What is the Vitamin D Deficiency for ADULTS?

Answer 38

1. Rickets 2. Osteomalacia

Question 39

This deficiency is characterized by soft and fragile bones, enlarged joints, bowed legs, and deformities of the chest, spine, and pelvis.

Answer 39

RICKETS

Question 40

It is a condition characterized by softening of the bones due to defective or delayed mineralization of the bone matrix.

Answer 40

Osteomalacia

Question 41

It is a condition that results in weak or soft bones in children and may have either dietary deficiency or genetic causes. Symptoms include bowed legs, stunted growth, bone pain, large forehead, and trouble sleeping

Answer 41

Rickets

Question 42

A condition where bone mineral density (BMD) is lower than normal, but not low enough to be osteoporosis. Can be managed and possibly reversed with lifestyle, diet, and supplements

Answer 42

Osteopenia

Question 43

A severe condition where bones become very weak and brittle, with a high risk of fractures. Needs treatment to prevent further bone loss and fractures

Answer 43

Osteoporosis.

Question 44

What are the diseases that may occur to people experiencing VItamin D deficiency

Answer 44

1. Rickets -children 2. Osteomalacia - Adults 3. Osteopenia 4. Osteoporosis

Question 45

Those who are at risk of Vitamin D deficiency include:

Answer 45

1. Alcoholics 2. those with insufficient sun exposure 3. those with intestinal disorders (Tropical Sprue, Chron’s disease, diverticulosis, gastric resection), 4. liver and renal disease, 5. parathyroid disorder 6. those taking anticonvulsant drugs 7. sedative and tranquilizers 8. preschoolers 9. elderly.

Question 46

Why is it difficult to estimate Vitamin D intake?

Answer 46

Because of the body's capability to synthesize it.

Question 47

What is the dietary recommendation for Vitamin D in order to prevent ricket?

Answer 47

Intake of 100 IU + sufficient Ca & P

Question 48

Food sources for Vitamin D:

Answer 48

Fish liver oils, butter, clams, oysters, eggs, sardines, and vitamin D-fortified foods like milk and margarine are common sources of Vitamin D.

Question 49

What are the other names for Vitamin E?

Answer 49

1. Tocopherol 2. Anti-sterility factor (so fertility vitamin siya) 3. Antioxidant vitamin

Question 50

CHEMISTRY OF VITAMIN E 🧪 Chemistry of Vitamin E Vitamin E refers to a group of compounds made up of ____ and ____, each with alpha, beta, gamma, and delta forms. The most biologically active and widespread form in the body is _______. Tocopherols are _____ forms, while tocotrienols are ______. 🔬 Stability & Reactivity Stable at: ??? Unstable in:??? Readily Oxidized in:?? 📏 Measurement The vitamin E content of food is expressed in _________. What is the equivalence formula?

Answer 50

🧪 Chemistry of Vitamin E Vitamin E refers to a group of compounds made up of TOCOPHEROL and TOCOTRIENOL, each with alpha, beta, gamma, and delta forms. The most biologically active and widespread form in the body is ALPHA TOCOPHEROL. Tocopherols are SATURATED forms, while tocotrienols are UNSATURATED. 🔬 Stability & Reactivity Stable at: High temperature/Heat & Acids Unstable in: Alkali, UV Light, Oxidation Readily Oxidized in: the presence of rancid fats or lead & iron salts 📏 Measurement The vitamin E content of food is expressed in TOCOPHEROL EQUIVALENT. What is the equivalence formula? 1 TE = 1 mg of alpha-tocopherol.

Question 51

💊 Vitamin E: Absorption, Transport, and Utilization ✅ Absorption About _____% of dietary Vitamin E is absorbed. Absorption ____ when intake is too ____. Requires ______ for emulsification and absorption (since it is fat-soluble). Absorbed through the ____, then enters the ____. 🚛 Transport Carried in the chylomicrons after absorption. Enters the bloodstream and is transported by _____ (especially ___ and ____) to different tissues. Stored mostly in _____, _____, and ____. 📊 Plasma Concentration Normal blood (plasma) levels of Vitamin E = _______. Levels drop quickly when: 🚽 Excretion Mainly excreted via the ____ and ___ secretions. Only small amounts are excreted in the _____.

Answer 51

💊 Vitamin E: Absorption, Transport, and Utilization ✅ Absorption About 40-60%** of dietary Vitamin E is absorbed. Absorption IS HIGH when intake is too LOW. Requires BILE SALTS for emulsification and absorption (since it is fat-soluble). Absorbed through the INTESTINAL WALL, then enters the LYMPHATIC SYSTEM. 🚛 Transport Carried in the chylomicrons after absorption. Enters the bloodstream and is transported by LIPOPROTEIN (especially HDL and LDL) to different tissues. Stored mostly in LIVER, MUSCLES, and ADIPOSE TISSUE*. 📊 Plasma Concentration Normal blood (plasma) levels of Vitamin E = 0.6-1.6 mg/100 ml.** Levels drop quickly when: VITAMIN E IS WITHDRAWN FROM THE DIET 🚽 Excretion Mainly excreted via the SKIN and FECES secretions. Only small amounts are excreted in the URINE.

Question 52

🔄 Vitamin E: Relationship with Other Nutrients 🛡️ 1. Vitamin E + Selenium 🧪 2. Vitamin E + Sulfur-containing Amino Acids, Zinc, Manganese, Copper 🧡 3. Vitamin E + Vitamin A 🥑 4. Vitamin E + Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids (PUFA)

Answer 52

🔄 Vitamin E: Relationship with Other Nutrients 🛡️ 1. Vitamin E + Selenium Both act as antioxidants. Vitamin E protects cell membranes from oxidative damage. Selenium is a component of glutathione peroxidase, an enzyme that destroys hydrogen peroxide and lipid peroxides (harmful oxidants). Together, they prevent free radical damage to cells. 🧪 2. Vitamin E + Sulfur-containing Amino Acids, Zinc, Manganese, Copper Sulfur-containing amino acids (e.g., cysteine, methionine) are needed to make glutathione—a key antioxidant and cofactor in glutathione peroxidase activity. Zinc, manganese, and copper help activate enzymes like superoxide dismutase (SOD), which also combat free radicals. These nutrients work synergistically to maintain the body’s antioxidant defense system. 🧡 3. Vitamin E + Vitamin A When vitamin A is deficient, Vitamin E helps slow down its depletion from the liver. Acts as a protective antioxidant for vitamin A. 🥑 4. Vitamin E + Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids (PUFA) PUFAs are easily oxidized. Higher PUFA intake = higher need for Vitamin E to prevent oxidative damage. Vitamin E protects PUFA-rich cell membranes from peroxidation.

Question 53

What will be the consequence of Vitamin E deficiency?

Answer 53

May interfere with blood clotting action of vitamin K and may cause hemorrhage.

Question 54

1. The safe level of intake for vitamin E for adults is ___mg / day. 2. In vitamin E intake recommendation, the term “safe” rather than “recommended” is used because:

Answer 54

1. 12 mg/day 2. since the value is derived from data for the US population whose mean PUFA intake can be presumed to be higher than that of Filipinos because the major source in the Filipino diet is the medium-chain saturated fat-rich coconut oil.

Question 55

COMMON FOOD SOURCES OF VITAMIN E

Answer 55

plants oils (corn, soy cottonseed, safflower), green and leafy vegetables, whole grain products, liver, eggyolk, nuts, and seeds.

Question 56

Other names for Vitamin K:

Answer 56

1. Anti hemorrhagic vitamin/factor 2. Coagulation factor 3. Menadione 4. Menaquinone 5. Phylloquinone 6. Papthoquinone

Question 57

🧪 Chemistry of Vitamin K 1. Structure & Group Vitamin K belongs to the _____ family of compounds. It is _____-colored and known for its ability to ____ ___—a function essential in ______ and ____. 📚 2. Main Forms a.) ________ or ________ Found in plant-based foods (especially leafy greens) b.) __________ or ________ Found in animal tissues and synthesized by intestinal bacteria c.) _______ or _______ A synthetic form, used in supplements or animal feeds 3. Stability Stable In: ??? Unstable in: ??? ⚙️ 4. Function-Linked Chemistry Acts as a _____ in the liver for the synthesis of _____ and other blood-clotting proteins. These proteins become biologically active only when _____, a process that depends on Vitamin K and its ability to ______.

Answer 57

🧪 Chemistry of Vitamin K 1. Structure & Group Vitamin K belongs to the QUINONE family of compounds. It is YELLOW-colored and known for its ability to BIND CALCIUM —a function essential in BLOOD CLOTTING and BONE FORMATION. 📚 2. Main Forms a.) PHYLLOQUINONE or K1 Found in plant-based foods (especially leafy greens) b.) MENAQUINONE or K2 Found in animal tissues and synthesized by intestinal bacteria c.) MENADIONE or K3 A synthetic form, used in supplements or animal feeds 3. Stability Stable In: HEAT Unstable in: ALKALI, ACIDS, OXIDATION, LIGHT ⚙️ 4. Function-Linked Chemistry Acts as a COFACTOR in the liver for the synthesis of PROTHROMBIN and other blood-clotting proteins. These proteins become biologically active only when DECARBOXYLATED, a process that depends on Vitamin K and its ability to BIND CALCIUM.

Question 58

💊 Vitamin K: Absorption, Transport, and Utilization ✅ Absorption Phylloquinone (Vitamin K₁) → Absorbed by _______ Menaquinone (Vitamin K₂) → Absorbed by _______ Fat-soluble vitamin: requires micelle formation with the help of bile salts and pancreatic enzymes About ______% of dietary Vitamin K is absorbed Absorbed through the intestinal wall and incorporated into _____ 🚛 Transport After absorption, Vitamin K is: Packaged into _____ Transported via the _____ Taken up first by the _____ Then distributed to extrahepatic tissues via: ???

Answer 58

💊 Vitamin K: Absorption, Transport, and Utilization ✅ Absorption Phylloquinone (Vitamin K₁) → Absorbed by ACTIVE TRANSPORT Menaquinone (Vitamin K₂) → Absorbed by PASSIVE TRANSPORT Fat-soluble vitamin: requires micelle formation with the help of bile salts and pancreatic enzymes About 40-70% of dietary Vitamin K is absorbed Absorbed through the intestinal wall and incorporated into CHYLOMICRONS 🚛 Transport After absorption, Vitamin K is: Packaged into CHYLOMICRONS & transported via the LYMPHATIC SYSTEM; Taken up first by the LIVER Then distributed to extrahepatic tissues via: VLDL & LDL (LIPOPROTEINS)

Question 59

What are the anatagonists of VITAMIN K?

Answer 59

VItamin A and VItamin E interferes the blood clotting ability of VItamin K especially when taken excessively. THIS IS MOSTLY APPLICABLE TO VITAMIN E.

Question 60

HOW IS VITAMIN K AND VITAMIN D RELATED?

Answer 60

Vitamin D is related to calcium metabolism, as it facilitates its absorption. While Vitamin K-dependent proteins, particularly PROTHROMBIN, binds with calcium.

Question 61

What are the functions of Vitamin K? Briefly explain.

Answer 61

1. Blood Clotting Essential for the synthesis of clotting proteins in the liver, including: Prothrombin → precursor of thrombin → fibrinogen → fibrin (clot former) Without Vitamin K, these proteins cannot function, leading to bleeding disorders. 2. Bone Health Required for the synthesis of osteocalcin, a bone matrix protein that binds calcium. Osteocalcin must undergo gamma-carboxylation (a Vitamin K-dependent process) to become active and help in bone mineralization. 3. Gamma-Carboxylation of Proteins Vitamin K adds carboxyl groups (-COO⁻) to glutamate residues in specific proteins. This modifies the structure of the protein so it can bind calcium efficiently, essential for: Blood clotting Bone formation Vascular health

Question 62

Vitamin K is required for the synthesis of ____, a bone matrix protein that binds calcium.

Answer 62

osteocalcin

Question 64

What do you call the process involving VITAMIN K which modifies the structure of the protein so it can bind calcium efficiently?

Answer 64

Gamma decarboxylation

Question 65

A protein needed for blood clotting and a precursor of ___, needed to convert fibrinogen to fibrin.

Answer 65

Prothrombin; thrombin

Question 66

Vitamin K deficiency can lead to what disease?

Answer 66

Hemorrhagic disease

Question 67

What is Hemorrhagic disease?

Answer 67

It is a disease associated to the deficiency of Vit K which causes delayed blood clotting and caused by fat malabsorption and lack of microorganisms to create vit. k

Question 68

1. Hypervitaminosis K is commonly caused by? 2. What is the consequences of Hypervitaminosis K?

Answer 68

1. Excessive consumption of synthetic vit. K (Menadione). 2. Hemolytic anemia (RBC hemolysis); Accumulation of bilirubin in the blood (hyperbilirubinemia); Kernicterus

Question 69

What is Kernicterus? And it is associated with what vitamin intake complication?

Answer 69

Kernicterus is the condition wherein bile pigment accumulates in the gray matter of the central nervous system leading to brain damage.

Question 70

Individuals who ar eprone to have vItamin K deficiency are:

Answer 70

newborn infants, those with renal insufficiency, and or those being treated chronically with antibiotics

Question 71

FOOD SOURCES OF VITAMIN K:

Answer 71

Green leafy vegetables (parsley, spinach, collard greens, and salad greens) cabbage, vegetable oils (soybean, canola, olive) cauliflower, carrots, tomatoes, egg yolk, pork liver, and seaweeds are common sources of vitamins