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Step 1 Prep > Focused anatomy review > Flashcards

Focused anatomy review Flashcards

1
Q

Which nerve(s) make up the afferent fibers for the baroreceptors in the internal carotid and aortic arch?

A

internal carotid –> CN9

aortic arch –> CN10

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2
Q

What is the testicular artery a branch of (both sides)?

A

Aorta

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3
Q

The ureter passes _____ the uterine arteries, and is thus at risk for injury during gynecological surgery?

A

Under

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4
Q

What connects the uterus, fallopian tubules and ovaries to the pelvic sidewall?

A

The broad ligament

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5
Q

What is the broad ligament derived from? What does it contain?

A

The broad ligament is basically a sheet-like projection of the peritoneum and it contains the mesovarium, mesometrium and mesosalpinx.

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6
Q

What does the suspensory ligament connect and what does it contain?

A

Connects the ovaries to the lateral pelvic wall and the ovarian vessels are contained within it.

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7
Q

What does the cardinal ligament connect and what does it contain?

A

Connects the cervix to the side wall of the pelvis. It contains the uterine vessels.

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8
Q

What does the round ligament connect?

A

It connects the uterine fundus to the labia majora.

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9
Q

Injuries to the ______ classically present w/ pain the anatomical snuff box. Fracture of this bone puts patients at risk for ______?

A

Scaphoid. Risk for avascular necrosis due the fact that the proximal portion of the bone relies on retrograde flow.

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10
Q

Fracture of the hook of hamate classically causes injury to what nerve? How does the hand present?

A

Distal ulnar nerve injury. Presents w/ “ulnar claw” where the pt is unable to extend their 4th and 5th digits due to loss of innervation of these extensors in the hand.

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11
Q

In the McMurray test, pain/popping with flexion and extension while the foot/tibia are externally rotated is associated with?

A

Medial meniscus injury. If it is internally rotated the test indicates lateral meniscus injury.

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12
Q

Why can patients with carpal tunnel syndrome still abduct the thumb?

A

it is true that abductor pollicis brevis is one of the thenar muscles that is impacted with w/ entrapment of the median nerve. However, abduction is preserved because there is still abductor pollicis longus innervated by the radial nerve.

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13
Q

In carpal tunnel syndrome, is there still sensation to the thenar eminence?

A

Yes! This is because sensation is spared as the palmar cutaneous branch enters the hand external to the carpal tunnel.

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14
Q

Fracture of the cribiform plate would affect what level of neurons in the olfactory pathway?

A

First order sensory neurons which are passing through this structure. The synapses for first and second order olfactory neurons are at the olfactory bulb.

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15
Q

Fracture of the head and neck of the fibula places pts at risk for what injury. How does it present?

A

Common peroneal nerve injury. Presents w/ foot drop (loss of eversion and dorsiflexion) and sensory loss over the dorsum of the foot.

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16
Q

The portal triad is contained w/in what ligament?

A

The hepatodunodenal ligament (connects liver to duodenum). Note that this ligament must be severed during liver transplantation.

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17
Q

What does the falciform ligament do? What is it an embryological remnant of?

A

Connects the liver to the anterior abdominal wall. It is a remnant of the fetal umbilical vein.

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18
Q

What are the obturator nerve’s motor and sensory functions?

A

Sensation of the medial thigh and adduction of the leg.

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19
Q

From what spinal levels does the obturator nerve originate?

A

L3-L4

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20
Q

What is the iliohypogastric nerve’s function?

A

Sensation in the suprapubic region (anterior branch) and gluteal region sensation (lateral branch). Also does motor function of the anterolateral abdominal wall muscles.

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21
Q

What are the pudendal nerve’s motor and sensory functions?

A

Sensation to the perineum and genitals and motor innervation of the urethral and anal sphincters.

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22
Q

What is the name of the ligament that runs along the posterior aspect of the spinal canal?

A

Ligamentum flavum (it can hypertrophy in spinal stenosis).

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23
Q

What is the layer of epithelial skin that is only present in palmarplantar skin (on palms and feet soles)?

A

lucidum.

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24
Q

What does the suprachaismatic hypothalamic nucleus do?

A

circadian rhythm regulation and pineal gland function

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25
Q

What is the action of obturator externus?

A

It acts to externally rotate the hip.

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26
Q

The median nerve travels between what two forearm muscles before entering the flexor retinaculum?

A

Flexor digitorum profundus and flexor digitorum superficialis.

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27
Q

What does the inferior rectal vein drain into?

A

The internal pudendal vein.

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28
Q

What structures traverse the optic canal?

A

CN II, ophthalmic artery, central retinal vein

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29
Q

What structures traverse the superior orbital fissure?

A

CN III, CN IV, CN V1, CN VI, ophthalmic vein, sympathetic fibers

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30
Q

What structures traverse the foramen rotundum?

A

CN V2

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31
Q

What structures traverse the foramen ovale?

A

CN V3

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32
Q

What structures traverse the foramen spinosum?

A

Middle meningeal artery and vein

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33
Q

What structures traverse the internal acoustic meatus?

A

CN VII, CN VIII

34
Q

What structures traverse the jugular foramen?

A

CN IX, CN X, CN XI, jugular vein

35
Q

What structures traverse the hypoglossal canal?

A

CN XII

36
Q

Lateral epicondylitis (tennis elbow) is inflammation of the tendon for muscles that do what?

A

Extension at the wrist.

37
Q

What nerve is most commonly injured in anterior dislocation of the shoulder?

A

The axillary nerve

38
Q

What does the ilioinguinal nerve do?

A

Provides sensation to the upper and medial thigh and parts of the external genitalia.

39
Q

What is the difference between the drainage of the R adrenal vein and the L adrenal vein?

A

The R adrenal vein drains directly into the IVC whereas the L adrenal vein first drains into the L renal vein

40
Q

What is the position of the internal jugular in the neck relative to the common carotid, carotid sheath, and the vagus nerve?

A

Lateral to the common carotid artery and anterior to the vagus nerve, within the carotid sheath

41
Q

What is the CN that exits the brainstem btwn the olive and the pyramid?

A

CN XII

42
Q

What nerve provides general sensation to the anterior 2/3 of the tongue?

A

The mandibular division of the trigeminal nerve.

43
Q

How can splenic laceration cause shoulder pain and hiccups?

A

Because spleen laceration or any abdominal process that causes irritation around the diaphragm can result in referred pain thru the C3-C5 fibers that innervate the diaphragm. Also irritation to the phrenic nerve b/c of this can cause hiccups.

44
Q

Ulnar deviation to the L side indicates what?

A

LMN injury to CN X on the R side

45
Q

Damage to what CN causes defect in the afferent gag reflex?

A

CN IX

46
Q

The esophagus is located between the ____ and _____ in the superior thorax?

A

trachea and vertebral bodies

47
Q

The great saphenous vein originates on the _____ side of the leg. It is best accessed surgically how?

A

Medial side. Best accessed just inferior and lateral to the pubic tubercle, through the femoral triangle.

48
Q

What innervates seratus anterior

A

Long thoracic nerve

49
Q

Where are macula densa cells located and what do they do?

A

They are located in the distal tubule of the kidney and sense salt content and flow rate.

50
Q

Which cells secrete renin and where are they located?

A

Renin is secreted by juxtaglomerular cells which are modified smooth muscle cells in the afferent arteriole of the kidney.

51
Q

Compression of CN3 would cause what pupillary defect?

A

Pupil dilation (loss of preganglionic parasympathetic innervation from CN3)

52
Q

Which heart chamber lies in closest proximity to the heart?

A

The L atrium

53
Q

What structure secretes the majority of the seminal fluid?

A

The seminal vesicle.

54
Q

Anatomically, where is the chemoreceptor trigger zone located?

A

In the area postrema. In the medulla right at the base of the cerebellum - the floor of the 4th ventricle.

55
Q

What do the uterine arteries arise from?

A

The anterior division of the internal iliac arteries.

56
Q

What is the difference in drainage of the L vs. R gonadal veins?

A

L drains into the L renal vein and then the IVC whereas the R drains directly into the IVC.

57
Q

Why can damage to CN V3 lead to hypoacusis of low pitched sounds?

A

Because CN V3 innervates tensor tympani which contracts in response to loud noises. This draws the tympanic membrane in medially and increases tension on it to help transmit sound waves. If V3 is injured, innervation to this muscle is lost producing hypoacusis to low pitched sounds.

58
Q

Paralysis to what muscle can cause hyperacusis? What nerve innervates said muscle?

A

Paralysis to stapedius which is innervated by CN 7.

59
Q

What innervates teres minor?

A

Axillary nerve

60
Q

What innervates latissimus dorsi? What deficit is seen w/ injury to said nerve?

A

The thoracodorsal nerve. Injury leads to inability to adduct and medially rotate the arm.

61
Q

Injury to what nerve causes a “winged scapula”? What is the muscle that is innervated by said nerve?

A

Long thoracic nerve which innervates serratus anterior.

62
Q

What is the function of the stylopharyngeus muscle?

A

It serves to elevate the pharynx and larynx during swallowing and speaking.

63
Q

What muscle stretches and tenses the vocal fold?

A

The muscle that stretches and tenses the vocal fold (thus allowing speech) is the cricothyroid.

64
Q

Conus medularis syndrome refers to lesions at what spinal level? How does it present?

A

L2 level. Presents with flaccid paralysis of the bladder and rectum, impotence and saddle (S3-S5) anesthesia.

65
Q

Where is the cerebellopontine angle?

A

Between the cerebellum and lateral pons. This is the most common location for an acoustic schwannoma.

66
Q

What are the 3 hip flexors?

A

Iliopsoas (most importat), TFL, rectus femoris.

67
Q

Hemorrhoid pain (below dentate line) is transmitted by what nerve?

A

The pudendal nerve. (Note that hemorrhoids above this line (aka internal hemorrhoids) have autonomic innervation from the inferior hypogastric plexus - sensing stretch but not pain).

68
Q

What vessel supplies the AV node and what is that vessel typically a branch of?

A

The AV nodal artery, which is usually a branch of the dominant artery (R coronary in R dominant (most common), and L circumflex in L dominant people).

69
Q

What does the R marginal artery supply?

A

The free wall of the R ventricle

70
Q

Where does testicular lymph drain?

A

Para-aortic LNs

71
Q

What do the superficial inguinal nodes drain?

A

most cutaneous lymph from the umbilicus down, including external genitalia and anus. Exceptions are the glans penis and skin of the posterior calf.

72
Q

What is the optimal site for femoral nerve block?

A

At the inguinal crease, at the lateral border of the femoral artery.

73
Q

The _______ nerve passes between the hook of the hamate and the pisiform bone in Guyon’s canal?

A

Ulnar nerve.

74
Q

What divides the sciatic foramen into greater and lesser foramina?

A

The sacrospinous ligament.

75
Q

Which muscle occupies most of the space of the greater sciatic foramen?

A

FINALLY, PIRAFORMIS!! Injury or hypertrophy of this muscle can compress the sciatic nerve and lead to piriformis syndrome.

76
Q

The obturator internus exits the pelvis through?

A

The lesser sciatic foramen.

77
Q

Which muscles elevate the palate and pharynx, and what branchial arch is each one derived from?

A

Tensor veli palatini (arch 1), stylopharyngeus (arch 3) and levator veli palatini (arch 4).

78
Q

To what lymph structure does the middle and lower third of the rectum, above the dentate line, drain?

A

Drainage can follow the middle rectal nodes and goes to the internal iliac nodes.

79
Q

Where does lymph from the rectum below the dentate line drain?

A

Inguinal nodes

80
Q

Where does the psoas muscle originate and where does it insert?

A

It originates from the T12-L4 vertebral bodies, intervertebral discs and transverse processes, and descends over the wing of the ileum where it will merge w/ the ileacus muscle to form a joint tendon that inserts on the lesser trochanter.

81
Q

Where does blood supply to the proximal ureter come from? How about the most distal part?

A

Proximal –> branches of the renal artery

Most distal –> branches of the superior vesical artery.

82
Q

What artery runs w/ the radial nerve in the radial groove?

A

The deep brachial artery

Step 1 Prep (13 decks)

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