Food Animal Medicine Exam IV Flashcards
(170 cards)
1
Q
List some of the most critical anatomical components of the udder (5).
A
2
Q
Describe the arterial supply of the udder.
A
3
Q
Describe the venous drainage of the udder.
A
4
Q
Describe the lymphatic drainage of the udder.
A
5
Q
What is a plate count?
A
6
Q
What are the 3 common sources of bacteria in milk?
A
7
Q
What are the legal limits for a plate count? What are the targets?
A
8
Q
Somatic cell count accounts for the ___ content in the milk.
A
White blood cell
9
Q
What are the 2 main sources for determining somatic cell count?
A
10
Q
What is the legal limits for SCC?
A
11
Q
What is a bulk tank somatic cell count? Why is it useful and what is the target?
A
ON EXAM: 150,000/ml
12
Q
How do we perform an individual cow somatic cell count?
A
14
Q
What is a linear score? Why is it useful?
A
15
Q
Somatic cell counts don’t do a good job at telling us about the ____ of mastitis. However, we can use ___ to determine the extent.
A
Severity, linear score
16
Q
Define mastitis.
A
17
Q
What is an intramammary infection?
A
18
Q
What does clinical mastitis look like?
A
19
Q
What does subclinical mastitis look like?
A
20
Q
When we are treating mastitis, we are really treating the ____.
A
Intramammary infection (mastitis is the term for the inflammatory portion of the disease)
21
Q
Differentiate between new and chronic intramammary infections.
A
22
Q
What does mild mastitis look like?
A
23
Q
What does moderate mastitis look like?
A
24
Q
What does severe mastitis look like?
A
25
Q
What are the different costs to treating clinical mastitis?
A
26
Describe the economical impact of mastitis.
27
What are some of the recent dairy herd production benchmarks?
28
What is the aim of machine milking?
29
Name and describe the basic components of the milking system.
30
Identity the components of the milking system.
31
What are the risks to using a milk machine?
32
What is inflation and pulsation as it relates to milking machine?
60% vacuum, 40% massage phase
33
Identify the different components of the milking unit.
34
What are the effects of the vacuum (from a milking machine) on the teat end?
35
What does it mean when you hear the squawk on a milking machine?
The squeak occurs when one quarter of the udder is providing more milk than the other which can affect the vacuum rate on the milking machine (can allow milk to re-enter the udder and lead to infection)
36
What is bovine ischemic teat necrosis?
37
What are the different kinds of milking systems used in the bovine dairy industry?
38
What is the primary objective for mastitis control? What do we define as success?
39
What are the different mammary gland and teat end defenses against mastitis?
40
In order to maximize teat end health, you must address and combat ____, ____, ____, ____, and ____.
41
Describe a typical milking routine.
42
How do we maintain hygiene during our milking routine?
43
What are some typical milking routine parameters?
44
What are the contact time recommendations for pre-dip time?
The aim is to kill environmental pathogens!
45
What are the contact time recommendations for stimulation to milking unit-on time?
Includes the pre-dip contact time and time to strip out/wipe with towels, allows for oxytocin release and milk let down
46
What are the contact time recommendations for milking unit on time?
47
What are the contact time recommendations for total turn time?
48
What is the importance of pre-dipping the teat?
49
What is the importance of post-dipping the teat?
50
What are the disinfectants used in standard teat dips?
51
What are the skin conditioners used in standard teat dips?
52
What are barrier teat dips and why are they important?
53
What is the absolute standard for proper teat dipping?
54
What are some milking practices that increase the risk of mastitis?
55
56
What are some common failures in milking routine management (to prevent mastitis)?
57
What is the optimal cow environment?
The finer the sand - the softer and gentle is it for the cows
58
When do we choose to cull chronic carriers of mastitis?
59
Describe the optimization of milking order to control mastitis and mange high risk cows.
ON EXAM
60
Describe the optimization of treatment rates to control mastitis and mange high risk cows.
61
A clean barn is a ____ barn.
62
Don’t discredit a thorough ____ for the diagnosis of mastitis.
63
What TPR abnormalities would you expect to find in a severe toxic cow?
64
What is the California Mastitis Test (CMT)? Describe its significance in diagnosing mastitis.
65
In general, how do we perform a CMT?
66
How can we use CMT results to determine if a cow has subclinical mastitis?
67
It is inappropriate to use CMT tests if the milk includes ____ since it naturally contains a high level of WBC.
Blood
68
What are the pros to somatic cell count testing?
69
What are the cons to somatic cell count testing?
70
Describe the use of culture and sensitivity to help us diagnose mastitis.
71
What does no growth on culture tell us in bovids with suspect mastitis?
72
Describe an appropriate sampling technique for individual cow milk collection.
73
Describe an appropriate sampling technique for bulk tank milk collection for culture.
74
Describe the role of ultrasound to help us diagnose mastitis.
75
Describe the role of biopsy to help us diagnose mastitis.
76
What are the 3 major contagious pathogens responsible for mastitis?
77
What are the two major environmental pathogen groups responsible for mastitis?
78
How is contagious mastitis spread?
79
In general, how do we prevent mastitis?
80
What is the 5 point plan to controlling contagious mastitis pathogens?
81
How is environmental mastitis spread? What are the major environmental pathogens?
82
How do we prevent environmental mastitis?
83
What is staphylococcus aureus?
84
What is the most common etiological agent responsible for clinical mastitis?
85
How do we treat mastitis secondary to staphylococcus aureus?
IMM - intramammary therapy
86
What is the role of protein A as a virulence factor of staphylococcus aureus?
87
What is the role of alpha toxin as a virulence factor of staphylococcus aureus?
88
What is the role of beta and gamma toxin as a virulence factor of staphylococcus aureus?
89
Staphylococcus is capable of ____ survival, ____ formation, and ____ resistance.
90
How can we control/prevent for staphylococcus aureus on a dairy farm?
91
Describe blueblag as a clinical manifestation of mastitis in the small ruminant.
92
What is streptococcus agalactiae? How is it spread?
93
What are the clinical signs of mastitis secondary to streptococcus agalactiae?
94
How do we treat and prevent streptococcus agalactiae on a dairy farm?
95
What is mycoplasma bovis?
96
What are the clinical signs of mastitis secondary to mycoplasma bovis?
97
Mycoplasma spp. vary from geographical location and clinical signs. Mycoplasma ___ is a contagious mastitis in other species that is ____.
98
How do we treat and control for mycoplasma bovis on a dairy farm?
99
____ and ____ are two opportunists environmental pathogens capable of causing mastitis.
100
Briefly describe escherichia coli as a pathogen of mastitis.
101
Describe klebsiella spp. as a pathogen of mastitis.
102
What are the clinical signs of mastitis secondary to coliform spp?
103
How do we treat mastitis secondary to coliform spp?
104
How can we control/prevent coliform spp. on a dairy farm?
105
Environmental streptococci spp capable of causing mastitis include ____ and ____. They are gram ____, ubiquitous, and often found in ___.
106
What are the clinical signs of mastitis secondary to environmental streptococci?
107
How do we treat mastitis secondary to environmental streptococci spp?
108
How do we control/prevent mastitis secondary to environmental streptococci spp?
109
Describe pseudomonas aeruginosa as a causative agent of mastitis.
110
Describe serratia as a causative agent of mastitis.
111
Describe trueperella pyogenes as a causative agent of mastitis.
112
Describe corynebacterium bovis as a causative agent of mastitis.
113
Describe bacillus cereus as a causative agent of mastitis.
114
Describe coagulase negative staphylococci as a causative agent of mastitis.
115
What is prototheca? Where can it be found?
116
Describe prototheca as a causative agent of mastitis.
117
Describe fungi/yeast as a causative agent of mastitis.
118
Describe bovine influenza A virus (BIAV, H5N1) as a causative agent of mastitis.
119
Once treatment is initiated ALL milk is _____. You must read the label for milk and meat withdrawals.
120
When treating a case of mastitis, you must consider ____ therapies, ____ of the udder, and avoid ____.
121
List some drugs that are prohibited from ELDU in bovids?
122
How can we calculate appropriate withdrawal times for cattle?
123
What is the role of the veterinarian in treating a mastitis case?
124
Describe the general treatment for mild cases of mastitis.
125
Describe the general treatment for moderate cases of mastitis.
126
Describe the general treatment for severe cases of mastitis.
127
Describe a typical comprehensive treatment plan for toxic mastitis.
128
Describe the use of NSAIDs in treating mastitis.
129
Describe the use of corticosteroids in treating mastitis.
130
How would you treat this patient?
131
How would you treat this patient?
132
How would you treat this patient?
133
List some of the different lactating Intra-mammary mastitis tube treatments.
134
Describe the use of antibiotics for mastitis due to gram negative infections.
135
Describe the use of extended IMM therapy for the treatment of mastitis.
Acute cases only! (You are wasting your time if your use this on a chronic case)
Hot cases = milk contains antibiotics and cannot be sold!
136
Treating high SCC cows with mild mastiits with ___ durations of therapy is probably going to be ____.
137
What are your options for treating chronic mastitis cows?
138
How can we minimize exposure to pathogens and thus prevent mastitis?
139
How can we maximize immunity and thus prevent mastitis?
140
How can we eliminate existing infections and thus prevent mastitis?
141
How can we maximize lactation therapy and thus prevent mastitis?
142
What is a dry off time? What are its benefits?
143
How can we induce and manage cows during the dry off period?
144
How can we induce a permanent dry off of a teat quarter?
145
List the different gram negative bacterial organisms that we have vaccines for to prevent the manifestation of mastitis.
146
When treating a cow for mastitis, the following should be recorded ____. The records are required by state law to be kept for ___.
147
T/F: Mastitis can be eradicated from a dairy herd.
False
148
T/F: Streptococcus agalactiae can be eradicated from a dairy herd.
True
149
T/F: E.coli can be eradicated from a diary herd.
False - e.coli is everywhere!
150
A cow presents clots in her milk in the left rear quarter. It is hard and swollen with abnormal milk. Her TPR and rumen contractions are of good strength and WNL. She is 7% dehydration. What is her mastitis clinical severity description?
Moderate
151
A cow has normal looking milk but has a CMT a score of 3. This cow would be described as having what type of mastitis?
Subclinical
152
What is the most prevalent major contagious pathogen in the US and worldwide?
Staphylococcus aureus
153
Cows with contagious with mastitis should:
a. Milked first
b. Milked before fresh heifers
c. Milked last
d. Should be fired up and not milked
e. Milked in any order
Milked last!
154
Cull the cow - older, high SCC, chronic infection, S. aureus hard to treat
155
Beta hemolysis
S. agalactiae - can treat with intramammary treatment
Beta hemolysis = full hemolysis
Alpha hemolysis = partial hemolysis
156
How much should a neonate calf, lamb, and kid weigh at birth?
157
How long will it take calves lambs, and kids to get to their feet?
158
When should nursing occur? What are some indicators of nursing in the neonate?
159
What is included in the very initial management of the neonate?
160
How much colostrum should a neonate receive? How often?
161
___% is the absolute minimum appropriate amount of colostrum delivery to a neonate.
162
How can we store colostrum?
163
What are the benefits of colostrum?
164
Under what conditions is the quality of colostrum the best? What about the worst?
165
What are some of the different ways we test for total protein in colostrum? What is the gold standard?
166
What is the clinical significance of FPT/FPI in colostrum?
167
What are the economic impacts of failure of passive transfer?
168
169
What are the goals of treatment for FPT/FPI?
170
How do we evaluate plasma as a potential FPT/FPI treatment option?
171
How can we use an individual cow somatic cell count to determine if a cow has an udder infection?
