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MSK - ABDN > Foot problems > Flashcards

Foot problems Flashcards

(51 cards)

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1
Q

name some forefoot problems

A
  • hallux valgus
  • hallux rigid
  • morton’s neuroma
  • metatarsalgia
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2
Q

what is hallux valgus

A

bunions

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3
Q

what are the risk factors of hallux valgus

A
  • genetics
  • footwear
  • gender (female)
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4
Q

what are the symptoms of hallux valgus

A
  • pain from footwear
  • pain from toes crossing over
  • metatarsalgia
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5
Q

why would you x-ray someone with hallux valgus

A
  • to show the severity of the deformity

- to rule out degenerative changes

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6
Q

how I hallux valgus managed

A 
operative = release of the lateral soft tissues, osteotomy of the 1st metatarsal
non-operative = analgesia, activity modification, shoe wear modification, orthotics
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7
Q

what is meant by hallux rigidus

A

a stiff big toe

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8
Q

how is hallux rigidus managed

A

operative:

  • cheilectomy (removal of some bone at the head of the 1st metatarsal bone)
  • arthrodesis (immobilising the joint via the fusion of the bones)
  • arthroplasty (surgical reconstruction of a joint)

non-operative:

  • activity modification
  • analgesia
  • modified footwear
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9
Q

what is the gold standard treatment for hallux rigidus

A

arthrodesis

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10
Q

name some lesser toe deformities

A
  • claw toes
  • hammer toes
  • mallet toes
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11
Q

what joint is affected in claw toes

A

both the proximal and the distal interphalangeal joints of the foot

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12
Q

what joint is affected in hammer toes

A

the proximal interphalangeal joints

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13
Q

what joint is affected in mallet toes

A

the distal interphalangeal joitns

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14
Q

what are the causes of lesser toe deformities

A

shoe wear, neurological problems, rheumatoid arthritis, imbalance between the flexors and the extensors

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15
Q

what are the treatment options for lesser toe deformities

A

non-operative = activity modification, shoe wear modification (flat shoes with high toe box) and orthotic insoles

operative = flexor to extensor transfer, fusion of the interphalangeal joints, shortening of the metatarsal bone

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16
Q

what is Morton’s neuroma

A

compression of the plantar digital nerve in the foot (usually between the 3rd and 4th toe) - due to the thickening of the transverse inter metatarsal ligament

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17
Q

who is most affected by Morton’s neuroma

A

women between 40-60 and more in those who wear high heeled shoes

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18
Q

what are the symptoms of Morton’s neuroma

A

burning and altered sensation in the affected webspace - the symptoms are intermittent

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19
Q

what is the best tool for the diagnosis of Morton’s neuroma

A

USS

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20
Q

what is meant by Mulder’s click

A

this is a clinical test that can be used to help the diagnosis of Morton’s neuroma - this is when pain is provoked by squeezing the metatarsal bones together

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21
Q

what is the management of Morton’s neuroma

Study These Flashcards
A
  • injections for small lesions or excision of the lesion
22
Q

what is meant by metatarslgia

Study These Flashcards
A

this is a symptom associated with pain and inflammation in the ball of the foot

23
Q

what is rheumatoid forefoot

Study These Flashcards
A

this is an autoimmune (type 3 hypersensitivity) disease of the foot - there may be signs of hallux values, metatarsalgia and toe deformities

24
Q

what is the treatment of rheumatoid forefoot

Study These Flashcards
A
  • activity modification
  • shoe wear modification
  • orthotics
  • 1st metatarsalphalangeal arthrodesis
  • arthroplasty
25
name some mid foot problems
ganglia, osteoarthritis, plantar fibromatosis
26
where do dorsal foot ganglia arise from
from joints or tendon sheaths - usually from underlying pathology
27
what is the treatment of dorsal foot ganglia
aspiration or excision
28
what is plantar fibromatosis
this is known as dupuytrens of the foot - there is thickening of the fascia of the foot and nodular development
29
what is the treatment of plantar fibromatosis
radiotherapy, excision, shoe wear modification and orthotics
30
name some hind foot problems
- achilles tendonitis - plantar fasciitis - ankle osteoarthritis - cavernous foot - posterior tibilais tendon dysfunction
31
in which people is achilles tendonopathy most common
non-athletic, obese people, those with diabetes, those on steroids and generally >40 years old
32
in which people is para-tendonopaty most common
athletic populations
33
what is achilles tendonitis not the correct name
there is very little inflammation
34
what are the symptoms of achilles tendonopathy
pain during and following exercise, difficulty putting on shoes
35
what are the risk factors for achilles tendonopathy
obesity, diabetes, steroid use, age (>40)
36
what clinical test is used to assess achilles tendon rupture
Simmond's test
37
what is the treatment of achilles tendonopathy
non-operative = weight loss, activity modification, shoe wear modification, physiotherapy, shock wave treatment, immobilisation operative = gastrocnemius resection, release of the tendon
38
what is plantar fasciitis and what are the symptoms
chronic degenerative changes of the plantar fascia in the foot - proliferation of fibroblasts Symptoms = pain on weight bearing, pain first thing in the morning, pain located at the origin of the plantar fascia
39
what are the causes of plantar fasciitis
- prolonged standing - running I poorly padded shoes - obesity
40
what is the differential diagnosis of plantar fasciitis
nerve entrapment or arthritis
41
what is the treatment of plantar fasciitis
rest, ice, NSAIDs, physiotherapy, weight loss, heel pads, corticosteoid injections, platelet rich plasma, nitric oxide, shockwave therapy
42
what are the symptoms of ankle arthritis
pain and stiffness of the ankle
43
what are the management options of ankle arthritis
- activity modification - weight loss - anlagesia - physiotherapy - joint replacement surgery - steroid injections - arthrodesis
44
what is the result of dysfunction of the posterior tibial tendon
flattening of the arch of the foot
45
what are the most common symptoms of posterior tibial tendon dysfunction
- flattening of the foot (progressive) - inward rolling of the foot - pain and swelling of the foot
46
what is the treatment of posterior tibial tendon dysfunction
orthotics or surgery
47
in which direction should the heels swing as they rise
from valgus to varus
48
what are the management options of diabetic foot ulcers
- stop smoking - external pressure - surgery to correct deformity and to debris the ulcer - surgery to improve vascular supply - amputation - nutrition referral
49
what is Charcots neuropathy
this is rapid bone deconstruction of the foot causing inflammation and swelling
50
how is Charcots neuropathy diagnosed
radiographs, MRI and clinically
51
what are the treatment options of Charcots neuropathy
surgery to correct the deformity and immobilisation

MSK - ABDN (33 decks)

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