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Feeds lecture > Forage Toxicity > Flashcards

Forage Toxicity Flashcards

(60 cards)

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1
Q

Grass tetany other names

A

pasture poisoning
grass staggers
hypomagnesemia

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2
Q

factors that limit Mg availability

A

-low Ca and Mg levels in forages
-grazing fall and winter cereal grains pastures

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3
Q

symptoms of grass tetany

A

-twitching and falling down
-loss of muscle control
-convulsions
-nervousness/excitement

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4
Q

-how quickly can cows die from grass tetany

A

within hours of symptoms starting

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5
Q

treatment for grass tetany

A

IV magnesium

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6
Q

cattle at higher risk for grass tetany

A

pregnant or lactating
older cattle

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7
Q

T/F horses are less likely to suffer from grass tetany then ruminant animals

A

TRUE

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8
Q

prevention of grass tetany

A

-apply limestone to acid/sandy soils
-graze dry/stocker cows in pastures that could cause it
-supplement Mg

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9
Q

Mg supplementation, and their drawbacks

A

-Mg oxide: not very palatable, expensive
-Mg in liquid feed: difficult to get 2 oz/hd/day
-Mg source in range cubes

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10
Q

Acute Bovine Pulmonary Emphysema other names

A

fog lung
lungers

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11
Q

causes of ABPE

A

-switch from low quality forage to very high quality forage
-tryptophan is converted to 3-methylindoe

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12
Q

what is the end toxic species that causes ABPE

A

3-methylindole

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13
Q

what grass is most commonly associated with ABPE

A

Bermuda grass

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14
Q

clinical signs of ABPE

A

-labored breathing
-respiratory distress
-grunting
-extension of tongue/drooling

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15
Q

animals at higher risk of ABPE

A

-cattle
-mature animals

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16
Q

T/F nursing calves are highly susceptible to ABPE

A

FALSE. they rarely get it since they dont graze as much

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17
Q

which cattle breed is less susceptible to ABPE

A

Brahman(bos indicus)

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18
Q

treatment of ABPE

A

-no treatment to reverse damage
-slowly remove cattle from offending pasture to prevent continued damage

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19
Q

prevention of ABPE

A

-gradually introduce to lush pastures
-feed hay before introducing to a lush pasture
-supplement rumensin

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20
Q

causes of dallisgrass poisoning

A

seedheads of mature dallisgrass become infected with fungus that produces ergot toxin

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21
Q

where does ergot infection most commonly occur

A

eastern regions of Texas

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22
Q

clinical signs of dallisgrass poisoning

A

-hyperexcitement
-stumbling
-muscle trembles
-incorordination

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23
Q

T/F animals do not typically die from dallisgrass poisoning

A

TRUE

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24
Q

T/F horses are not affected by dallisgrass poisoning

A

FALSE. if they eat hay containing infected seeds they will get sick, eating the seed is less common bc they are not grazers

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25
treatment of dallisgrass poisoning
-slowly remove cattle from pasture -provide supportive care
26
prevention of dallisgrass poisoning
shred mature dallisgrass to height of 8 in(dont let seed heads form)
27
nitrate toxicity
nitrate is converted to nitrite in the rumen which oxidizes hemoglobin to methemoglobin which can not hold O2
28
factors that cause nitrate concentrations to increase
drought frost damage extensive shade herbicide treatment high soil nitrate
29
what grass often leads to nitrate poisoning
johnsongrass
30
what is nitrate typically converted to, what stops this cause nitrate poisoning
Ammonia. rate of NH3 usage decreases nitrate will build up and be converted to nitrite
31
clinical signs of nitrate poisoning
colic pain diarrhea dyspnea staggering abortion
32
what toxicity causes "chocolate blood"
nitrate poisoning
33
how fast can nitrate poisoning symptoms occur
.5-1 hour post ingestion
34
animals most susceptible to nitrate poisoning
ruminants
35
treatment of nitrate toxicity
methylene blue intravenously (6 month withdrawal time)
36
prevention of nitrate toxicity
-have nitrate levels analyzed -dont feed forages with greater than 1.5% nitrate on a DM basis -feed grains in tandem with higher nitrate forages
37
what is the rule of thumb regarding nitrate levels
feed 1 lb of corn per day for each 0.1% nitrate in excess of 1%
38
cause of prussic acid poisoning
-plants high in prussic acid/HCN -Microbes convert HCN into cyanide -cyanide prevents cells from absorbing O2
39
factors that cause elevated prussic acid concentrations
drought' frost damage rain following drought herbicide trearment
40
forages commonly associated with prussic acid poisoning
sorghum johnsongrass Tifton 85
41
what feature will grass high in prussic acid have
ribbon-like waves on leaf
42
clinical signs of prussic acid poisoning
-excitement -dyspnea -hyperpnea -cyanosis -tachycardia -unconsciousness -cherry red venous blood
43
how quickly can prussic acid poisoning kill
within minutes of exposure
44
animals most susceptible to prussic acid poisoning
ruminants, microbes have enzymes that release prussic acid
45
treatment for prussic acid poisoning
-administer sodium nitrate followed by sodium thiosulfate intravenously
46
prevention of prussic acid poisoning
do not graze new-growth sorghum plants or graze them with full rumens
47
kleingrass poisoning
saponins in kleingrass can not be detoxified by liver and cause liver damage, leading to no chlorophyll breakdown
48
clinical signs of kleingrass toxicity
photosensitivity discharge from eyes and nose
49
why does kleingrass poisoning cause photosensitivity
extra chlorophyll in skin
50
what toxicity causes "big head syndrome"
kleingrass poisoning
51
what animals are at highest risk of kleingrass poisoning
sheep, goats, and horses
52
prevention of kleingrass toxicity
-remove animals from pasture and into the shade
53
cause of fescue grass toxicity
alkaloids produced by a fungus found in the forage
54
clinical signs of fescue toxicity
-reduced feed intake -reduced milk production -lower conception rates -abortion -rough hair coat reduced blood flow to extremities(fescue foot)
55
what does fescue grass produce that is toxic
endophyte
56
T/F maintaining endophyte-free fescue grass is a easy way to prevent fescue toxicity
FALSE. while it works for a time, fescue grass containing endophyte will eventually come back
57
animals most susceptible to fescue toxicity
cattle horses
58
treatment of fescue grass toxicity
supportive therepy
59
prevention of fescue toxicity
-observe animals -graze fescue pastures intermittently -mixed species pastures
60
genetic prevention of fescue toxicity
T-snip genetic markers 0-1=susceptible 4-5=tolerant

Feeds lecture (18 decks)

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