Forces of Attraction

Question 1

Forces within molecules

Answer 1

Intramolecular Force

Question 2

Forces between molecules and hold molecules together

Answer 2

Intermolecular forces

Question 3

Intramolecular Forces

Answer 3

Ionic Bond
Covalent Bonds

Question 4

Intermolecular Forces

Answer 4

Van der Waals Forces
Ion-Dipole
Ion-induced Dipole
Hydrogen Bonds

Question 5

Transfer of electrons between metal (electron donor) + non-metal (electron acceptor)

Answer 5

Ionic Bond

Question 6

Bond Energy of Ionic Bond

Answer 6

> 100 kcal/mol

Question 7

Energy required remove electron

Answer 7

Ionization Energy

Question 8

Ability to attract electrons

Answer 8

Electronegativity

Question 9

Sharing of electrons between non-metal + non-metal

Answer 9

Covalent Bonds

Question 10

Unequal sharing of electrons; dipole moment

Answer 10

Polar

Question 11

Equal sharing of electrons

Answer 11

Non-polar

Question 12

Dipole-Dipole

Answer 12

AKA: Permanent Dipole, Keesom Forces
Bond Energy: 1-7 kcal/mol
Effect: Orientation or Alignment
Example: HCl, Acetone, Phenol, Alcohol

Question 13

Dipole-Induce Dipole

Answer 13

AKA: Debye Forces
Bond Energy: 1-3 kcal/mol
Effect: Induction
Example: Ethylacetate, Methylene Cl, Ether

Question 14

Induced-Dipole Induced-Dipole

Answer 14

AKA: London Forces
Bond Energy: 0.5 - 1 kcal/mol
Effect: Dispersion
Example: Carbon disulfide, Carbon tetrachloride, Hexane

Question 15

Occurs between ionic and polar molecules because ions have strong charge, so partial charge end of the dipole will be attracted to the ion

Answer 15

Ion-Dipole

Question 16

Occurs between ionic and non-polar molecules

Answer 16

Ion-Induced Ion

Question 17

Involved in formation of Iodide complex

Answer 17

Ion-Induced Dipole
I2 + NaI or KI (Solubilizing Agent) –> I3 + I2 = Increase solubility

Question 18

Interaction between a molecule containing Hydrogen atom and strongly electronegative element

Answer 18

Hydrogen Bond

Question 19

Bond Energy of Hydrogen Bond

Answer 19

2 - 8 kcal/mol

Question 20

Hydrogen bond accounts for many of the unusual properties of water, including

Answer 20

High dielectric constant (78.4)
High boiling point
Abnormally low vapor pressure (23.8mmHg @ 25C)

Question 21

Strong Electrolytes completely ionize in dilute solutions & the deviations from ideal behavior are due to electrostatic effects of oppositely charged ions.

Answer 21

Debye-Huckel Theory

Question 22

Solutions that has lower tonicity as than serum & body fluids; <0.9% NaCl w/v

Answer 22

Hypotonic Solutions

Question 23

Solutions that has higher tonicity as than serum & body fluids; >0.9% NaCl w/v

Answer 23

Hypertonic Solutions

Question 24

Solutions that has same tonicity as than serum & body fluids; 0.9% NaCl w/v

Answer 24

Isotonic Solution

Question 25

Cell effect of Hypotonic Solutions

Answer 25

Swelling/Lysis

Question 26

Cell effect of Hypertonic Solutions

Answer 26

Shrinking/Crenation

Question 27

Methods of Adjusting Tonicity

Answer 27

**Class I Methods** a. Cryoscopic Method b. NaCl equivalent method **Class II Methods** a. White Vincent Method b. Sprowl's method

Question 28

Addition of tonicity adjustig agent / NaCl is added to a drug solution, such the final freezing point lowering is that blood or serum

Answer 28

Cryoscopic Method/Freezing Point Depression Method

Question 29

Strong Electrolytes – 100% dissolution; strong acids/strong bases; ɩ = 2 Weak Electrolytes – incomplete dissociation (80%); weak acids/weak bases Non Electrolytes – do not dissociate; ɩ = 1

Question 30

Amount of sodium chloride which has the same osmotic effect as 1 gram of drug

Answer 30

E-value

Question 31

NaCl Equivalent Method

Answer 31

1. Amount of drug * E-value 2. 0.9% * volume of solution (mL) 3. Step 2 - Step 1 4. Step 3 / E-value of tonicity adjuster (**if adjusting agent is not NaCl**)

Question 32

E-value formula

Answer 32

E-value = 17 * Liso/MW

Question 33

**Addition of water** to make solution isotonic, followed by **addition of isotonic** or **isotonic-buffered solution** to make solution to its final volume

Answer 33

White Vincent Method

Question 34

Formula for White Vincent Method

Answer 34

V = Weight in grams * E-value * 111.1

Question 35

Simplification of white Vincent method wherein amount of drug is fixed at 1% of a fluidounce solution

Answer 35

Sprowl's Method

Question 36

Sprowl's Method

Answer 36

V = 0.3𝑔 𝑋 𝐸𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 𝑥 111.1