Forearm Flashcards
(143 cards)
1
Q
forearm
A
from elbow to wrist
functionally includes distal humerus
2
Q
bones in forearm
A
radius - lateral
ulna- medial
3
Q
interosseus m
A
unites the two bones
4
Q
radio-ulnar joints
A
synovial joint
radius moves over ulna
supination and pronation
5
Q
posterior thickening of antebrachial fascia
A
extensor retinaculum
forms 6 extensive tunnels for extensors of forearm
6
Q
anterior thickening of antebrachial fascia
A
palmar l.
continuous with extensor retinaculum
7
Q
flexor retinaculum
A
AKA transverse carpal l.
distal and deep to palmar carpal l.
8
Q
muscles of anterior compartment of forearm
A
flexors and pronators
median n. and branches
(exception 1.5 muscls via ulnar n.)
9
Q
posterior compartment muscles of forearm
A
extensors and supinators
radial n. and branches
10
Q
forearm anterior compartment superficial layer
A
pronator teres, flexor carpi radialis, palmaris longus, flexor carpi ulnaris
11
Q
forearm anterior compartment intermediate layer
A
flexor digitorum superficialis
12
Q
forearm anterior compartment deep layer
A
pronator quadratus, flexor digitorum profundus, flexor policis longus
13
Q
forearm anterior compartment joints crossed by layers
A
superficial and intermediate layers - elbow and wrist
deep layer- wrist only
14
Q
pronator teres heads
A
superficial and deep
median n. passes between heads (impingement possible)
15
Q
actions of pronator teres
A
pronation forearm
flexion of forearm
16
Q
innervation of pronator teres
A
median n.
17
Q
flexor carpi radialis
A
medial to pronator teres
tendon doesn’t pass through carpal tunnel
radial a. lie lateral to tendon
18
Q
actions of flexor carpi radialis
A
flexion of forearm
radial deviation of wrist
19
Q
innervation of flexor carpi radialis
A
median n.
20
Q
palmaris longus
A
absent in one or both sides in 14%
passes superficial to flexor retinaculum to attach on palmar aponeurosis
closely related to median n at wrist
21
Q
actions of palmaris longus
A
flexion of wrist
tenses palmar aponeurosis
22
Q
palmaris longus innervation
A
median n.
23
Q
flexor carpi ulnaris
A
most medial of superficial flexors
ulnar n. and a. lie lateral to tendon at wrist
24
Q
heads of flexor carpi ulnaris
A
humeral and ulnar
25
ulnar nerve enters forearm between two heads of?
flexor carpi ulnaris
"cubital tunnel" (impingement)
26
actions of flexor carpi ulnaris
flexion of wrist
ulnar deviation of wrist
27
innervation of flexor carpi ulnaris
ulnar n.
28
flexor digitorum superficialis
median n. enters forearm by passing between its two heads
29
heads of flexor digitorum superficialis
humeroulnar
radial
30
flexor digitorum superficialis tendons
all pass through carpal tunnel
split distally
31
actions of flexor digitorum superficialis
flexion of proximal and middle phalanges and wrist
32
flexor digitorum superficialis innervation
median n .
33
flexor digitorum profundus
only muscle that can flex distal and interphalangeal joints
34
flexor digitorum profundus tendons
all 4 pass through carpal tunnel
pass through splits of FDS distally
35
actions of flexor digitorum profundus
medial 1/2 - flexion of distal phalanges of digits 4/5
lateral 1/2 - flexion of distal phalanges 2/3
all flexion of wrist
36
innervation of flexor digitorum profundus
medial 1/2 - ulnar nerve
lateral 1/2 - anterior interosseus nerve (branch of median nerve)
37
flexor pollicis longus
lies lateral to FDP
tendon passes through carpal tunnel
38
action of flexor pollicis longus
flexion of thumb
flexion of wrist
39
innervation
AIN
40
pronator quadratus
deepest muscle of ant. forearm
covers distal radius and interosseous membrane
AIN and AIA pass deep to muscle
41
pronator quadratus actions
prime mover for forearm pronation
deep fibers bind radius and ulna
42
innervation of pronator quadratus
AIN
43
pronator syndrome
nerve impingement syndrome - median n is compressed between heads of pronator teres
44
causes of pronator syndrome
activities that involve repeated pronation
pregnancy
idiopathic
45
symptoms of pronator syndrome
pain/tenderness in proximal forearm
Hypoestesia (decrease in sensation) of central palm and palmar aspects of radial 3 1⁄2 digits
Weakness with flexion and pronation of forearm
46
injury to median nerve at elbow caused by
supracondylar fracture
laceration to supracondylar area
47
symptoms of injury to median n at elbow
digits 1-3 : weakness/loss of flexion (FDS, FDP, FPL)
proximal interphalangeal joints 4/5 - weakened flexion (FDS)
48
injury to median nerve at elbow characteristics
hand of benidiction
themar mm. function is lost - thumb ADD and extends, thenar eminence flattens
sensory loss - central and lateral 2/3 of palm, palmar side of radial 3.5 digits
49
injury to ulnar n at elbow
27% of nerve lesions
majority of intrinisic mm. hand affected
ulnar deviation impaired
wrist flexion also impaired (hand drawn laterally)
50
sites of injury for ulnar n. injury at elbow
posterior to medial epicondyle
cubital tunnel
in hand
51
injury to ulnar n at elbow characteristics
difficulty making fist
claw hand
52
injury to ulnar n at elbow sensory loss
medial aspect of palm
dorsum of hand
medial 1.5 digits
53
what flexor compartment mm have more than one head or origin
flexor carpi ulnaris, FDS, pronator teres
54
what nerve might be impinged in the cubital tunnel? by pronator teres?
ulnar n. / median n.
55
which flexor compartment tt pass through carpal tunnel
FDS, FPL, FDP
56
what digits affected by an injury to ulnar nerve at elbow
ABD and ADD of digits 2-5 (loss of dorsal, palmar, interosseous mm)
sensory loss medial half of digits 4/5
57
extensor compartment superficial layer
brachioradialis
extensor carpi radialis longus
extensor carpi radialis brevis
extensor digitorum
extensor digiti minimi
extensor carpi ulnaris
58
extensor compartment superficial layer joints crossed
elbow and wrist
(brachioradialis exception - only elbow)
59
extensor compartment deep layer
supinator m
extensor indicis mq
60
outcropping layer extensor compartment
abductor pollicis longus
extensor pollicis brevis
extensor pollicis longus
61
deep and outcropping layer of extensor compartment joints crossed
wrist
exception supinator - elbow only
62
brachioradialis
on anterolateral surface of arm
odd muscle separates flexor and extensor muscles
lateral border of cubital fossa
flexor function like ant. compartment but innervated by radial n. - extensor compartment
overalled distally by APL and EPB
63
brachioradialis joint crossed
only elbow
64
brachioradialis action
forearm flexion (max in mid pronated mid supinated position)
65
innervation of brachioradialis
radial n.
66
extensor carpi radialis brevis
partly overlapped by brachioradialis m.
distal tendon crossed over by APL and EPB
67
actions of extensor pollicis brevis
extension of wrist
radial deviation - clinical action (ABD of hand at wrist)
68
extensor pollicis brevis innervation
radial n.
69
extensor carpi radialis brevis
shorter than ECRL
tendon crossed distally by APL and EPB
70
extensor carpi radialis brevis actions
extension of wrist
radial deviation
71
extensor carpi radialis brevis innervation
deep branch of radial nerve
72
extensor digiitorum
principal extensor of medial 4 digits
73
actions of extensor digitorum
extension of medial 4 digits
extension of wrist
74
extensor digitorum innervation
deep branch radial n.
75
extensor digiti minimi
partially detatched part of ED
tendon located medially to ED of dorsum of hand
76
extensor digiti minimi actions
extension of 5th digit
extension of wrist
77
extensor digiti minimi innervation
deep branch of radial n.
78
extensor carpi ulnaris
located on medial border of forearm
79
extensor carpi ulnaris heads
humeral and ulnar
80
extensor carpi ulnaris actions
extension of wrist
ulnar deviation - clinical term (adduction of hand at wrist)
81
extensor carpi ulnaris innervation
deep branch of radial n.
82
supinator
forms floor of cubital fossa
deep branch of radial nerve pierces this muscle to go posteriorly
83
supinator actions
supination of forearm
slow unopposed supination of extended forearm
84
supinator innervation
deep branch radial nerve
85
abductor pollicis longus
lies distal to supinator
tendon and belly may split in two
86
abductor pollicis longus and snuffbox
forms lateral border of anatomical snuffbox
87
abductor pollicis longus actions
abduction of thumb
with EPL and EPB - extension of thumb
88
abductor pollicis longus innervation
deep branch of radial n.
89
extensor pollicis brevis
distal to APL
90
extensor pollicis brevis and snuffbox
also helps forms lateral border of snuffbox
91
extensor pollicis brevis actions
extension of thumb
92
extensor pollicis brevis innervation
deep branch of radial n.
93
extensor pollicis longus
tendon passes medially to dorsal tubercle or radius
uses as trochlea to change line of pull
94
extensor pollicis longus and snuffbox
forms medial border of snuffbox
95
extensor pollicis longus action
extension of thumb
96
extensor pollicis longus innervation
deep branch of radial n.
97
extensor indicis
muscle lie medial and alongside EPL
confers independence to index finger
tendon lies medial and deep to ED tendon on dorsum of hand
98
extensor indicis actions
independent extension of 2nd digit
assists with wrist extension
99
innervates extensor indicis
deep branch of radial n.
100
anatomical snuff box location
hollow between tendons of APL, EPB, EPL
101
palpable structures of anatomical snuffbox
radial styloid process
base of 1st metacarpal
102
borders of anatomical snuffbox
medial -EPL
lateral - APB and APL
103
content of anatomical snuffbox
radial artery
superficial radial n. runs over roof
104
tenderness of anatomical snuffbox
may indicate scaphoid fracture
105
what muscles are innervated by the superficial branch of radial n?
none- all sensory (to dorsum of thumb, 2nd, 3rd, and lateral half of 4th digit)
106
arteries of forarm
ulnar and radial artery (both originate from brachial artery)
107
median n. innervates
all muscles of anterior compartment (except FCU and medial half 1/2 of FDP)
108
formation of median n.
lateral root from lateral cord and medial root from medial cord
109
median n. location in cubital fossa
medial to brachial artery
110
median nerve branch AIN
runs with AIA
innervates FPL, lateral half of FDP, and pronator quadratus
111
palmar cutaneous branch of median n.
arises proximal to flexor retinaculum
112
ulnar n. innervates
FCU and medial half of FDP
lots of hand muscles that we don't need to know
113
formation of ulnar n.
terminal branch of medial cord
114
palmar cutaneous branch of ulnar n.
arises in mid forearm
supplies palmar skin medial to axis of 4th digit
115
dorsal cutaneous branch of ulnar n.
arises in distal forearm
supplies sensory innervation to medial half of digit 4 and all of digit 5
116
radial n. innervates
all muscles of posterior compartment of forearm
117
radial n. formation
terminal branch of posterior cord of brachial plexus
118
posterior antebrachial cutaneous n. (of radial n.)
skin over posterior aspect of forearm to wrist
119
branch of radial n.
deep radial n. and superificial branch of radial n.
termination occurs just distal to lateral epicondyle
120
deep branch of radial n. innervates
ECRB, ED, EDM, ECU and supinator muscles(pierces)
121
tennis elbow
lateral epicondylitis
122
lateral epicondylitis causes
repeated forceful extension of wrist
strains common extender tendon
123
lateral epicondylitis inflammation
occurs in periosteum of lateral epicondyle
124
lateral epicondylitis pain
over lateral epicondyle
radiates down posterior surface of forearm
125
injury to radial n in forearm
damage superficial or deep branches
126
injury to radial n in forearm causes
penetrating wounds
fracture to posterior forearm
127
injury to radial n in forearm muscles affected
EPL and EPB - thumb extension
ED, EDM, EI - extension of digits of MP joint
128
injury to radial n in forearm sensation lost
no loss with deep branch
quarter sized area distal to bases of 1st and 2nd metacarpals (less than expected due to overlap of nerves)
129
injury to radial n in forearm testing integrity
extending MP against resistance
130
which tendon is the superficial branch of the radial n. closely associated with
extensor pollicis brevis and brachioradialis tendon
131
purpose of carpal tunnel
path from anterior forearm into hand
132
carpal tunnel location
anterior wrist between anterior concavity of carpals and flexor retinaculum
retinaculum holds long flexor tendons in place
133
contents of carpal tunnel
tendons of FDS, FDP and FPL
median nerve
133
contents of carpal tunnel
tendons of FDS, FDP and FPL
median nerve
133
contents of carpal tunnel
tendons of FDS, FDP and FPL
median nerve
134
injury to ulnar. n at wrist causes
laceration proximal to ulnar canal or compression of ulnar canal
135
injury to ulnar. n at wrist muscles affected
intrinsic mm of hand
136
injury to ulnar. n at wrist sign
atrophy of hypothenar eminence
137
injury to ulnar. n at wrist sensory loss
medial palm and palmar medial 1.5 digits
138
injury to median n at wrist causes
any lesion that significatnly reduces size of carpal tunnel
"carpel tunnel syndrome"
139
injury to median n at wrist symptoms
tingling, diminished sensation or absence of sensation of lateral 3.5 digits
140
injury to median n at wrist (recurrent branch of median n.)
progressive loss of coordination and strength in thumb
inability to oppose thumb
thumb limited to flexion, extension, ABD
141
injury to median n at wrist characteristic disability
emaciation of thenar eminence
thumb is ADD and extended
