Forebrain + Brainstem

Question 1

forebrain function - 3 parts

Answer 1

Association areas
Emotional areas
Olfactory areas

Question 2

Association areas

Answer 2

Cerebral Cortex (Neocortex)

Question 3

Emotional areas

Answer 3

Limbic System (Archicortex)

Question 4

Olfactory areas

Answer 4

Olfactory Bulb (Paleocortex)

Question 5

decerebrate posture

Answer 5

legs extended

Question 6

pleurothotonus

Answer 6

head turn

Question 7

Forebrain Syndrome - Mental status

Answer 7

Altered mentation

Question 8

Forebrain Syndrome - Posture/gait

Answer 8

Pacing, head pressing, pleurothotonus

Question 9

Forebrain Syndrome - Cranial nerves

Answer 9

Contralateral blindness + decreased/absent menace response with normal PLR

Question 10

Forebrain Syndrome - Postural reactions

Answer 10

Deficits contralateral limbs

Question 11

Forebrain Syndrome - Spinal reflexes

Answer 11

Normal to increased in contralteral limbs

Question 12

Forebrain Syndrome - Palpation

Answer 12

Muscle tone can be increased

Question 13

Forebrain Syndrome - Pain; sensation/perception

Answer 13

Hypoalgesia; decreased sensation (face) 
Hyperalgesia syndrome (thalamus); High cervical, skull pain

Question 14

Brainstem Syndrome - Mental status

Answer 14

altered mentation

Question 15

Brainstem Syndrome - posture/gait

Answer 15

paresis - all 4 limbs ipsilateral, opisthotonus, debate rigidity

Question 16

Brainstem Syndrome - cranial nerves

Answer 16

III-XII

Question 17

Brainstem Syndrome - postural reactions

Answer 17

deficits all four limbs/ipsilateral

Question 18

Brainstem Syndrome - spinal reflexes

Answer 18

normal/incr in all ipsilateral limbs

Question 19

Brainstem Syndrome - palpation

Answer 19

muscle normal/incr

Question 20

Brainstem Syndrome - pain; sensation/perception

Answer 20

decr sensation (face), pain on palpation high cervical, skull

Question 21

optic nerve tests

Answer 21

Menace response 
Pupillary light reflex 
Visual placement test 
Dazzle reflex 
Maze testing

Question 22

muscles innervated by cranial nerve III

Answer 22

Dorsal, ventral, medial rectus m.
Ventral oblique m.
Levator palpebrae superioris m.

Question 23

oculovestibular reflex

Answer 23

Spontaneous nystagmus in response to rotatory stimuli
Reduced towards the side of the lesion
pendicular nystagmus
abnormal nystagmus - rotation of pupil

Question 24

types of peripheral deafness

Answer 24

conductive or sensorineural

Question 25

sensorineural deafness - causes

Answer 25

``` Degenerative Neoplasia Infection Toxin aminoglycosides chemotherapy congenital ```

Question 26

conductive deafness - define

Answer 26

failure of passage of sound

Question 27

conductive deafness - causes

Answer 27

neoplasia infection - otitis media infl - infl polyp

Question 28

vagal nerve damage - signs

Answer 28

``` Laryngeal paralysis Inspiratory dyspnea Incomplete abduction of vocal folds Air flow abnormality on inspiration Roaring sound ```

Question 29

vagal nerve damage - small animals vs horses

Answer 29

Small animals – usually bilateral | Horses – unilateral, May result in poor performance