DPT 671 - Neuroanatomy > Forebrain: Diencephalon > Flashcards

Forebrain: Diencephalon Flashcards

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1
Q

Forebrain: Diencephalon

__?__ = is in the center of the cerebrum, superior to brainstem and entirely enveloped by the cerebral hemispheres

A

Diencephalon

  • Includes all structures with the term thalamus in their names
  • Thalamus is the largest subdivision of the diencephalon
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2
Q

Forebrain: Diencephalon

__?__ = structure inferior and anterior to thalamus

A

Hypothalamus

Regulate homeostasis, is essential for individual and species survival because it integrates behaviors with visceral functions.

Functions orchestrated by the hypothalamus include:

  • Endocrine regulation of growth, metabolism, and reproductive organs
  • Satiety and hunger center: water intake, eating
  • Emotional expression of pleasure, rage, fear, and aversion
  • Effects on autonomic nervous system: adjustment of body temperature, metabolic rate, blood pressure
  • Regulation of circadian rhythms (including sleep wake cycles) in concert with other brain regions
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3
Q

Forebrain: Diencephalon

__?__ = structure posterior to thalamus

A

Epithalamus

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4
Q

Forebrain: Diencephalon

__?__ = structure inferior to thalamus

Hint = coronal section

A

Subthalamus

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5
Q

Forebrain: Diencephalon

Is a large egg-shaped, collection of nuclei above the brainstem (bilaterally) = ?

A

Thalamus

  • Regulates the flow of information, relay station
  • Receives information from basal ganglia, cerebellum and all sensory systems except olfactory; processes the information, relays the selected information to the specific areas of the cerebral cortex
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6
Q

Forebrain: Diencephalon

Thalamus regulates ?.

A

Thalamus regulates the flow of information, and acts as relay station.

  • Receives information from basal ganglia, cerebellum and all sensory systems except olfactory; processes the information, relays the selected information to the specific areas of the cerebral cortex.
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7
Q

Forebrain: Diencephalon

Thalamus receives information from ?

A
  • Thalamus receives information from basal ganglia, cerebellum, and all sensory systems except olfactory.
  • It processes the information, relays the selected information to the specific areas of the cerebral cortex.
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8
Q

Forebrain: Diencephalon

Anatomically, thalamus can be divided into three major groups = ?

A

1. Anterior
2. Medial
3. Lateral(Ventral and Dorsal tiers)

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9
Q

Forebrain: Diencephalon

Sensory pathway for touch and proprioception = ?

A
  • Dorsal column / Medial lemniscus pathway (DCML; for touch and proprioception).
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10
Q

Forebrain: Diencephalon

Sensory pathway for pain = ?

A
  • Spinothalamic pathway (pain)
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11
Q

Forebrain: Diencephalon

Individual thalamic nuclei are classified into three main functional groups = ?

A
  1. Relay nuclei = convey information from the sensory systems (except for olfactory), the basal ganglia, or the cerebellum to the cerebral cortex.
  2. Association nuclei = nuclei process emotional and some memory information or integrate different types of sensation.
  3. Nonspecific nuclei = nuclei regulate consciousness, arousal, and attention.
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12
Q

Forebrain: Diencephalon

Relay nuclei convey information from __ ? to __?.

functional group

A
  • Relay nuclei convey information from the sensory systems (except for olfactory), the basal ganglia, or the cerebellum to the cerebral cortex.
  • All relay nuclei are found in the ventral tier of the lateral group.
  • Relay nuclei receive specific information and serve as a relay stations by sending information directly to the localized area of the cerebral cortex.
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13
Q

Forebrain: Diencephalon

All _ ? _ nuclei are found in the ventral tier of the lateral group.

A

All relay nuclei are found in the ventral tier of the lateral group.

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14
Q

Forebrain: Diencephalon

Association nuclei process _ ? _ .

A
  • Association nuclei process emotional and some memory information or integrate different types of sensation.
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15
Q

Forebrain: Diencephalon

Association nuclei are found in ?

A

Association nuclei are found in the:

  • anterior thalamus
  • medial thalamus, and
  • dorsal tier of the lateral thalamus
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16
Q

Forebrain: Diencephalon

Nonspecific nuclei regulate ?

A

Nonspecific nuclei regulate:

  • consciousness
  • arousal, and
  • attention

Non specific nuclei receive multiple types of input and project to widespread areas of cortex; this includes reticular, midline and intralaminar nuclei.

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17
Q

Forebrain: Diencephalon

What major group?

pink

A

Lateral group

Relay nuclei ( Red = motor / Dark Blue = Sensory)

  • VA, ventral anterior
  • VL, ventral lateral
  • VPL, ventral posterolateral
  • VPM, ventral posteromedial
  • MG, medial geniculate
  • LG, lateral geniculate
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18
Q

Forebrain: Diencephalon

What major group?

pink

A

Anterior Group

AN, Anterior nucleus

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19
Q

Forebrain: Diencephalon

What major group?

pink

A

Medial Group

MD, mediodorsal
MNG, Midline nuclear group

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20
Q

Forebrain: Diencephalon

What individual thalamic nuclei functional group?

purple

Study These Flashcards
A

Relay nuclei convey information from the sensory systems (except for olfactory), the basal ganglia, or the cerebellum to the cerebral cortex.

  • VA, ventral anterior = motor
  • VL, ventral lateral = motor
  • VPL, ventral posterolateral = sensory
  • VPM, ventral posteromedial = sensory
  • MG, medial geniculate = sensory
  • LG, lateral geniculate = sensory
21
Q

Forebrain: Diencephalon

What individual thalamic nuclei functional group?

purple

Study These Flashcards
A

Association nuclei process emotional and some memory information or integrate different types of sensation.

Association nuclei are found in the anterior thalamus, medial thalamus, and dorsal tier of the lateral thalamus.

  • AN, Anterior nucleus = limbic
  • LD, Lateral dorsal = limbic
  • MD, Mediodorsal = limbic
  • LP, Lateral posterior = sensory integration
  • P, Pulvinar = sensory integration
22
Q

Forebrain: Diencephalon

What individual thalamic nuclei functional group?

purple

Study These Flashcards
A

Nonspecific nuclei regulate consciousness, arousal, and attention

Non specific nuclei receive multiple types of input and project to widespread areas of cortex; this includes reticular, midline and intralaminar nuclei

  • M, Midline
  • MNG, Midline nuclear Group
  • I, Intralaminar
  • R, Reticular
23
Q

Forebrain: Diencephalon

  • Nuclei = ?
  • Function = ?
  • Afferents = ?
  • Efferents = ?

brown

Study These Flashcards
A

Anterior nucleus

24
Q

Forebrain: Diencephalon

  • Nuclei = ?
  • Function = ?
  • Afferents = ?
  • Efferents = ?

brown

Study These Flashcards
A

Lateral Dorsal

25
# Forebrain: Diencephalon * Nuclei = **?** * Function = **?** * Afferents = **?** * Efferents = **?** | *brown*
Lateral Posterior
26
# Forebrain: Diencephalon * Nuclei = **?** * Function = **?** * Afferents = **?** * Efferents = **?** | *brown*
Ventral Anterior
27
# Forebrain: Diencephalon * Nuclei = **?** * Function = **?** * Afferents = **?** * Efferents = **?** | *brown*
Ventral Lateral
28
# Forebrain: Diencephalon * Nuclei = **?** * Function = **?** * Afferents = **?** * Efferents = **?** | *brown*
Mediodorsal
29
# Forebrain: Diencephalon * Nuclei = **?** * Function = **?** * Afferents = **?** * Efferents = **?** | *brown*
Ventral Posterolateral
30
# Forebrain: Diencephalon * Nuclei = **?** * Function = **?** * Afferents = **?** * Efferents = **?** | *brown*
Ventral Posteromedial
31
# Forebrain: Diencephalon * Nuclei = **?** * Function = **?** * Afferents = **?** * Efferents = **?** | *brown*
Midline Nuclear Group
32
# Forebrain: Diencephalon * Nuclei = **?** * Function = **?** * Afferents = **?** * Efferents = **?** | *brown*
Lateral Geniculate
33
# Forebrain: Diencephalon * Nuclei = **?** * Function = **?** * Afferents = **?** * Efferents = **?** | *brown*
Medial Geniculate
34
# Forebrain: Diencephalon * Nuclei = **?** * Function = **?** * Afferents = **?** * Efferents = **?** | *brown*
Midline
35
# Forebrain: Diencephalon * Nuclei = **?** * Function = **?** * Afferents = **?** * Efferents = **?** | *brown*
Reticular
36
# Forebrain: Diencephalon * Nuclei = **?** * Function = **?** * Afferents = **?** * Efferents = **?** | *brown*
Intralaminar
37
# Forebrain: Diencephalon Functions orchestrated by the hypothalamus include = **?**
* Endocrine regulation of growth, metabolism, and reproductive organs * Satiety and hunger center: water intake, eating  * Emotional expression of pleasure, rage, fear, and aversion * Effects on autonomic nervous system: adjustment of body temperature, metabolic rate, blood pressure * Regulation of circadian rhythms (including sleep wake cycles) in concert with other brain regions
38
# Forebrain: Diencephalon **?** = connects the hypothalamus with the pituitary gland
* **Pituitary stalk** connects the hypothalamus with the pituitary gland * By regulating the secretion of pituitary gland (anterior and posterior pituitary) the hypothalamus controls metabolism, response to stress, and urine production
39
# Forebrain: Diencephalon Posterior pituitary (Neurohypophysis) hormones: 1. = **?** 2. = **?**
* **Oxytocin** = Elicits milk expulsion in lactating females. Uterus contraction, causing labor and delivery. * **ADH** (Anti-diuretic hormone) = Increasing the reabsorption of water in the kidneys and preventing excretion of large amounts of urine
40
# Forebrain: Diencephalon Anterior pituitary hormones: 1. = **?** 2. = **?** 3. = **?** 4. = **?** 5. = **?** 6. = **?**
* **FSH** and **LH** = Synthesis of estrogen, progesterone, and testosterone. * **GH** = Overall growth * **Prolactin** = Stimulates milk production. * **ACTH** = Stimulates synthesis and secretion of adrenal cortical hormones. * **TSH** = Stimulates synthesis and secretion of thyroid hormones.
41
# Forebrain: Diencephalon Thyrotropin-releasing hormone (*TRH* ) Taget action = **?**
**Thyrotropin-releasing hormone** (*TRH* ) = Simulates production of thyroid stiulating hormone (TSH) and prolactin.
42
# Forebrain: Diencephalon Corticotrophin-releasing hormone (CRH) Taget action = **?**
**Corticotrophin-releasing hormone** (CRH) = Stimulates production of Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
43
# Forebrain: Diencephalon Gonadotrophin-releasing hormone (GnRH) Taget action = **?**
**Gonadotrophin-releasing hormone** (GnRH) = Stimulates secretion of Luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle stimulating hormone (FSH).
44
# Forebrain: Diencephalon Somatotropin-release inhibiting hormone (SIRF) Taget action = **?**
**Somatotropin-release inhibiting hormone** (SIRF) = Inhibits secretion of growth hormone
45
# Forebrain: Diencephalon Growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH) Taget action = **?**
**Growth hormone-releasing hormone** (GHRH) = Stimulates secretion of growth hormone
46
# Forebrain: Diencephalon Dopamine of prolactin - inhibiting hormone (PIF) Taget action = **?**
**Dopamine of prolactin - inhibiting hormone** (PIF) = Inhibits secretion of prolactin
47
# Forebrain: Diencephalon Major structure of the epithalamus = **?**
* Major structure of the epithalamus is the **pineal gland**. * Pineal gland is believed to help regulate circadian rhythms (melatonin)
48
**?** is located superior to the substantia nigra of the midbrain and is involved in regulating movement.
Subthalamus

DPT 671 - Neuroanatomy (10 decks)

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