Forensic Evaluation

Question 1

Top down

Answer 1

Application 85% rise in solved burglary cases
Research support 100 serial killings - seems to be subset of characteristics supporting organised profile
Flawed evidence only interviewed 36 murderers sample was poor only 1 type of offender

Question 2

Bottom up

Answer 2

Evidence 120 serial killer cases left bodies in a circle around home
Analysis of sexual assault cases in which they showed characteristic patterns - help if offences committed same person
Geographic profiling may be reliant on poor police data only 75% of crimes reported

Question 3

Atavistic form

Answer 3

Father of modern criminology moved from moralistic to more scientific
Lombroso theory is racist people of African descent matched form fitting eugenic views
Goring 3000 offenders 3000 non offenders no general physical differences

Question 4

Genetic explanation

Answer 4

Mz treated more similar than xx therefore may be more environmental this higher concordance rate
20% adoptees when biological criminal 24.5% when bio and adoptive parents criminals

Question 5

Neural explanation

Answer 5

Link between impaired frontal lobe function and inability to learn from mistakes
Criminal parents and early neglect cause both apd and neural differences

Question 6

Eysenks criminal personality

Answer 6

Prisoners high on e n and p compared to controls
Cultural factors not taken into account - Hispanic and African American all less extroverted than control questions validity

Question 7

Custodial sentencing

Answer 7

Psychological effects 9x suicide 25% women 15% men psychosis
Training offenders who take part in rehab learning 43% dont reoffend
Can be a school for crime from more experienced criminals

Question 8

Moral reasoning

Answer 8

Level of moral reasoning and crime correlation offender group = less mature moral reasoning than control when given moral dilemmas
Kohlbergs levels may not apply to all forms planned crimes nor preconventional whereas assault impulsive crimes cannot be classified

Question 9

Cognitive distortions

Answer 9

RWA - application to therapy cbt reduce distortion less reoffend

Question 10

Differential association theory

Answer 10

Wide application can account for both blue and white collar crime
Difficulty testing concepts are hard to operationalise measuring pro crime attitudes
Risks stereotyping people from pro crime backgrounds ignoring one’s individual decisions shifting the blame

Question 11

Psychodynamic explanations

Answer 11

Case study support theory 10 offenders had disturbed super ego and thus they offended as a need for self punishment
Gender bias girls weaker super ego more men are in prison
No link between maternal deprivation and offending may be just poverty explaining offending

Question 12

Behaviour modification tokens

Answer 12

Easy to implement can be run in any prison no specialists required cost effective
Little rehab value other treatments more likely to lead to permanent change
Can be seen as manipulative and dehumanising

Question 13

Anger management

Answer 13

Better than token system as tackles the root cause thus giving more permanent change
Expensive needs highly trained professionals takes time and commitment

Question 14

Restorative justice

Answer 14

Needs of survivor - 85% satisfied 78% recommend 60% closure
Offenders who experienced are proven to be less likely to reoffend best w one to one contact
Offenders intentions may not be honourable may use rj to avoid punishment faking the regret