Memory 1

Question 1

Coding

Answer 1

Process of converting info between different forms

Question 2

Coding research

Answer 2

Baddeley et al
1- acoustic sim
2-acoustic dissim
3-semantic sim
4-semantic dissim
Recall immediately good acoustic (stm)
recall 20mins good semantic

Question 3

Capacity research

Answer 3

Amount of info stored (stm)
Jacob’s digit span found mean for digit - 9.3 mean letters - 7.3
Miller chunking 7+/- 2

Question 4

Research on duration (stm)

Answer 4

Petersons given a consonant syllable counted back until stopped vary periods of 3-18 s stm duration = up to 18seconds (3%)

Question 5

Duration of Ltm

Answer 5

Bahrick - 400 American students 17-74
After 48yrs photo recognition dropped to only 70% compared to 90% within 15 yrs
Shows ltm can last up to a lifetime

Question 6

Multi store model

Answer 6

Sensory register
Stm
Ltm

Question 7

Sensory register

Answer 7

all stimuli from environment pass here Coding is modality specific (to sense) eg iconic store = visual info.
Duration is very brief less than half a second
Attention to pass on information

Question 8

Short term memory msm

Answer 8

Coded acoustically (baddeley)
lasts 18seconds unless it is maintenance rehearsed
Miller 7 +/-2 items
If prolonged rehearsal pass onto ltm

Question 9

Long term memory

Answer 9

Coded semantically
Duration up to life time
When we want to recall info transferred back into stm called retrieval

Question 10

Types of long term memory

Answer 10

Episodic memory
Semantic memory
Procedural memory

Question 11

Episodic memory

Answer 11

Long term memory store for personal events occurred and the people objects places and behaviours involved
Memories retrieved consciously and with effort

Question 12

Semantic memory

Answer 12

Facts and knowledge of the world for example what concepts mean
Need to be recalled deliberately

Question 13

Procedural memory

Answer 13

Knowledge of how to do things
Recall these memories without making conscious effort

Question 14

Working memory model

Answer 14

Stm is a dynamic processor of different types of info using subunits coordinated by a central decision making system

Question 15

Aspects of the WMM

Answer 15

Central executive
Phonological loop
Visuospatial sketch pad
Episodic buffer

Question 16

Central executive

Answer 16

Supervisory role
Monitors incoming data and divides limited attention and allocates subsystems to tasks
V limited capacity and doesn’t store info

Question 17

Phonological loop

Answer 17

Deals with auditory information
Phonological store - stores words you hear
Articulatory process - allows maintenance rehearsal loop is two second capacity

Question 18

Visuospatial sketch pad

Answer 18

Stores visual and spatial info
Limited capacity 3/4 items
Visual cache stores visual data
Inner scribe records arrangement of objects in visual field

Question 19

Episodic buffer

Answer 19

Temporary info store intergrating sub stores and maintaining time sequence linking to ltm
Capacity of 4 chunks

Question 20

Explanations for forgetting

Answer 20

Interference
Retrieval failure

Question 21

Interference

Answer 21

Forgetting one memory because blocked by another causing one or both to be distorted

Question 22

Proactive interference

Answer 22

When older memory interferes with then new
Pro- fessional (old) better than the newbies

Question 23

Retroactive interference

Answer 23

When new memories interfere with old ones
(Retro stuff is forgotten about)

Question 24

Retroactive research McGeoch + McDonald

Answer 24

Learn list of 10 words perfectly
Then learn new list 6 lists - synonyms, antonyms, unrelated, consonant syllables, numbers, no new list
Synonyms = worst recall
Interference strongest when similar

Question 25

Retrieval failure

Answer 25

Occurs when we don’t have the necessary cues to access the memory not accessible unless a suitable cue is provided

Question 26

Encoding specificity principal

Answer 26

A cue must be present at encoding and present at retrieval

Question 27

Context dependent forgetting

Answer 27

Recall depends on external cue Hidden Baddeley deep sea divers words on land recall in sea etc 40% lower recall in non matching conditions

Question 28

State dependent forgetting

Answer 28

Recall depends on internal cues Carter and Cassaday antihistamines learn on drug recall in normal state Mismatch memory test was significantly worse

Question 29

Factors affecting accuracy of eyewitness testimony

Answer 29

Misleading information : leading questions / post event discussion Anxiety : positive and negative

Question 30

Leading questions

Answer 30

Loftus and palmer = watch clips of car accident asked how fast did they…. Contacted = slowest Smashed was the highest 10mph more

Question 31

Why do leading qs affect EWT

Answer 31

Response bias explanation - influences how they answer no effect on mementoes Substitution explanation - influence memory cars smashed likely to report broken glass when none was broken

Question 32

Post event discussion research

Answer 32

Gabbert et al- each pp watched crime from different perspective - pp could see elements others couldn’t - then discuss Found 71% recalled aspects that they didn’t see but picked up in discussion

Question 33

Why post event discussion effect EWT

Answer 33

Memory contamination- discussion causes memories to be altered and distorted combine info from others Memory conformity - win social approval or they are wrong - memory is unchanged

Question 34

Anxiety -ve

Answer 34

Weapon focus Johnson and Scott= pp believe taking part in lab study Casual convo pen and grease other heated knife and blood 50% identify pen man 33% identify knife man - tunnel theory only focus on weapon

Question 35

Anxiety +ve

Answer 35

Flight/fight response increased alert Yuille and cutshall - shop shooting anxiety scored and accuracy ranked Highest stressed most accurate

Question 36

Yerkes Dodson Law

Answer 36

Optimal level If too much drastic decline If too low poor performance

Question 37

Cognitive interview

Answer 37

Report everything- may trigger other memories Reinstate context- return to scene in mind context dependent forgetting Reverse order- prevent reporting expectations/ dishonesty Change perspective - disrupt expectation and effect of schema on recall

Question 38

Enhanced CI

Answer 38

Interviewer needs to k when to establish eye contact Reduce anxiety Minimise distraction Open ended questions Speak slowly