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Psychology Aaaaah > Social Influence 1 > Flashcards

Social Influence 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

Outline Aschs baseline procedure

A

123 American men each in a group with other “pp” given a line x to compare line abc to one line clearly same as x. Only 1 was genuine agreed w pp incorrect answer 37% of the time

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2
Q

What effect did group size have on asch study

A

Varied confederates from 1-15 conformity increased with group size levelled off after majority =3

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3
Q

What was the effect of unanimity in asch study

A

Introduced confederate who didn’t conform
Pp confirmed less decrease the rate to less than 25% before predissenter

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4
Q

What was the effect of task difficulty on Asch study

A

When task became harder asch found conformity increased therefore look to others (informational social influence)

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5
Q

Limitation of Asch study

A

Tasks were artificial - pp knew they were in a research study and may have gone along with the aim (demand characteristics). Trivial no reason not to conform
= this means that the findings cannot generalise to real world important situations

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6
Q

Limitation of Asch Study 2

A

American men - women have been found to conform more as more concerned over social relationships. - USA is an individualistic culture whereas this studies that take place in collectivist have found conformity higher
=limited application tells us little about different people of culture and gender

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7
Q

Strength of Asch Study

A

Supporting research task difficulty - Lucas et al solve east and hard maths pp confirmed more when the problems were harder
=shows Asch was correct incr internal validity

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8
Q

3 types of conformity

A

-Internalisation - genuine accept private and public change
-Identification - conform to opinion of group as we identify w group (public)
- Compliance - going along with others behaviour stops when group pressure stops

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9
Q

What is NSI

A

Normative social influence - temporary change in opinion or behaviour to gain social approval / support

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10
Q

What is ISI

A

Informational social influence- agree with the opinion of the majority because we believe it is correct - we want to be correct as well ( permanent change)

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11
Q

Strength of NSI

A

Support - Asch pp interviewed some said they confirmed as the felt self conscious . When po wrote down answer drop to 12.5%
=shows conformity is due to desire not to be rejected

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12
Q

Strength of ISI

A

Research evidence - Lucas et al found those given the harder maths problem conformed more than easy as they didn’t want to be wrong
= shows ISI is a valid explanation

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13
Q

Zimbardo procedure

A

21 American men volunteered split into guards and prisoners randomly assigned
- encourages to conform to social roles
Guards wore uniforms and prisoners had numbers

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14
Q

Zimbardo findings

A

Guards took up their roles w enthusiasm
Prisoners rebelled they were harassed
Guards enforced rules and punishments
Prisoners showed psychological disturbance
Ended after 6 days

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15
Q

Zimbardo conclusion

A

Social roles have a strong influence on individuals behaviour roles were taken on very quickly

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16
Q

Strength of Zimbardo

A

Zimbardo controlled key elements - selection of participants emotionally stable individuals were assigned roles
- researchers ruled out personality differences by random assignment - we k the behaviour is due to the role itself
= increase internal validity

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17
Q

Limitation of Zimbardo

A

Didn’t have realism of true prison - pp were play acting off of stereotypes and not taking on actual roles.
1 guard based behav off of CoolHand Luke explain why riot occurred as they think this is what occurs in prison
= tell us little about real conformity to social roles in prison

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18
Q

Limitation of Zimbardo 2

A

May have exaggerated power of social roles to influence behaviour
Only 1/3 guards were brutal 2/3 fairly ruled or sympathised . Most resisted pressures to conform to a brutal role
= suggests Zimbardo overstated his view that pp confirmed to social roles and minimised dispositional factors

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19
Q

Milgrams procedure

A

American men gave a fake electric shock to a “learner” in response to instructions from an experimenter

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20
Q

Milgrams findings

A

65% up to 450v
100% up to 300v
Many showed signs of uncomfortable and anxiety - biting nails seizures anxiety attacks etc

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21
Q

Strength of Milgrams study

A

Research support by French tv show found 80% gave max shock also showing same nervous symptoms
= supports findings and they were not due to special circumstances

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22
Q

Limitation of Milgrams study

A

Lacks internal validity - pp realised shocks were fake so play acted (Orne and Holland) Supported by Perry tapes only show that 50% believed real shocks
=pp may have shown demand characteristics going along w the study

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23
Q

Strength of Milgrams study 2

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A

Sheridan and King supporting research gave a real shock to a puppy 100% of women shocked to max
= effects were genuine as behave obediently even when shocks were real

24
Q

Effect of proximity to obedience rates

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A

obedience dropped to 40% with teacher and learner in same room
30% with touch proximity
Psychological distance affects obedience

25
Effect of Location on Obedience rates
Obedience drops to 47.5 % in run down office building Universities prestige gave authority to study
26
Effect of uniform on obedience rates
Obedience dropped to 20% when experimenter was a “ member of public” Uniform is a symbol of legitimate authority
27
Strength of uniform + obedience
Research support - Bickman showed power of uniform suit and tie milkman security guard. Obey more security guard - legitimate authority = reinforces Milgrams belief
28
Limitation for situational variables
Conducted in USA maybe culture bound may see security guard as more legit than Nigerian person may think for example
29
Agentic state
Acting as an agent of another person no responsibility for own behaviour
30
Autonomous state
Free to act accordingly all behaviour is own responsibility
31
Agentic shift
Switching between autonomous and agentic state
32
Binding factors
Allow individual to ignore damaging effects of their obedient behaviour reduce moral strain
33
Strength of Agentic state
Research support Milgrams resistant pp continued to max when told the experimenter took responsibility =shows once pp knew they weren’t responsible they acted more easily - agent
34
Limitation of Agentic state
Contradicts nurse study 16/18 nurses disobeyed doctor who was a authority figure. Almost all autonomous and gave the dose = can only account for some situations of obedience
35
Legitimacy of authority
Created by hierarchal nature of society Some people entitled to expect obedience Learned in childhood
36
Destructive authority
When legitimacy of authority used in destructive ways eg Hitler
37
Strength of legitimacy of authority
Explains cultural differences- in Australia on 16% obeyed what was perceived to be a legitimate authority figure whereas in Germany 85% obeyed authority. Can relate to structure of society =shows in some cultures authority is perceived to be far more legitimate
38
Limitation of legitimacy of authority
Cannot explain all obedience - 16/18 nurses disobeyed a doctor authority figure to give a deadly dose of drugs perched higher in social ladder =suggests that some people may be more obedient than others rather than respect of authority
39
Authoritarian personality
Someone who has extreme respect for authority and submissive contempt for inferiors (scapegoats) (Adorno)
40
Origins of AP
Harsh parenting leads to hostilities that cannot be expressed against parents however can be displaced to those lower
41
F scale
Measure of unconscious attitudes towards ethnic groups - ap scored high on the fscale showing extreme respect for authority and contemptuous of the weak
42
Strength of AP
Support from Milgrams study - this who obeyed the most scored higher on the fscale representing that high score = AP so obey authority figure the experimenter = this reinforces the fact that those who score on the fscale respect orders of legitimate authority
43
Limitation of AP
When analyse results of fscale obedient participants had features uncommon for AP as they didn’t idolise father and belittle mother = far more complex than a personality
44
Minority influence 3 factors
- Consistency = if minority is consistent this attracts attention of majority over time - Commitment = personal sacrifices show commitment attract attention reinforce message - augmentation principle -Flexibility - minority more convincing if they accept some counter arguments
45
Process of change
Majority think more deeper about message and shifts minority to majority called the snowball effect
46
Strength of minority influence
Moscovici blue green slides - consistent minority opinion greater effect = minimum requirement for minority to convey and persuade others
47
Limitation of minority influence
Evidence is very artificial v different to how they work in the real life such as political campaigns or jury decision making = lack external validity
48
Social change w minority
1. Draw attention 2. Consistency 3. Deeper Processing 4. Augmentation 5. Snowball effect 6. Social cryptomnesia
49
Lessons of social influence from conformity
Asch dissenter breaks conformity of group NSI draws attention to majority
50
Strength of social change
NSI support San Diego energy usage decrease in group w poster of NSI = shows conformity can lead to social change through the operation of NSI
51
Strength of social change
Beneath believed minorities inspire - divergent thinking weigh up more options and think about opinion this leads to better decisions and more better solutions to social issues = show why dissenting is valuable
52
Limitation of social change
Deeper processing may not play a role in minority social change - majority influence creates deeper processing if you do not share their views - like to believe views are shared = casts doubt on validity of explanation
53
Strength for social support
Rwa having buddy helps resist peer pressure to smoke = shows social support can help young adults stop smoking and improve lives
54
Locus of control
A sense of what directs events in our lives
55
Internal loc
Resist social influence due to belief that they are in control of everything which directs them in their lives
56
Strength of loc
Research support - internals less likely to obey in Milgrams like study37% didn’t continue whereas externals only 20% stopped = reinforces belief incr internal validity
57
Limitation of loc
Contradictory research over 40yrs Twenge et al people resist social influence more however are more external = questions credibility and application of locus of control in todays society

Psychology Aaaaah (23 decks)

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