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Màrv Èl > Forensic Microbiology > Flashcards

Forensic Microbiology Flashcards

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1
Q

What is bacterial systematics?

A

Bacterial systematics is a scientific discipline that focuses on the classification, identification, and naming of bacteria.

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2
Q

Why is bacterial systematics important?

A

It enables researchers and medical professionals to differentiate bacterial species, understand their relationships, and apply this knowledge in various fields such as medicine, biotechnology, and environmental science.

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3
Q

What is systematics?

A

Systematics refers to the scientific study of the diversity of organisms and their evolutionary relationships.

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4
Q

What are the main components of taxonomy?

A

The main components of taxonomy are identification, nomenclature, and classification.

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5
Q

What is identification in taxonomy?

A

Identification is the process of determining where an organism fits within a classification system.

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6
Q

What is nomenclature in taxonomy?

A

Nomenclature is the formal naming of organisms following established rules.

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7
Q

What is classification in taxonomy?

A

Classification is the arrangement of organisms into hierarchical groups based on similarities and evolutionary relationships.

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8
Q

What are taxa?

A

Taxa (singular: taxon) are hierarchical groups into which organisms are classified.

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9
Q

What are the major taxonomic ranks in bacterial systematics?

A

The major taxonomic ranks include Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, and Species.

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10
Q

What defines a bacterial species?

A

A bacterial species is a group of strains that share a high degree of genetic and phenotypic similarity.

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11
Q

What is a strain in bacteriology?

A

A strain is a genetic variant or a subtype of a bacterial species, differing in virulence, antibiotic resistance, or metabolic properties.

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12
Q

What are phenotypic characteristics?

A

Phenotypic characteristics involve observable traits such as morphology, metabolic activities, and staining techniques.

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13
Q

What is genotypic analysis?

A

Genotypic analysis involves DNA-based techniques such as 16S rRNA gene sequencing, whole-genome sequencing, and molecular fingerprinting.

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14
Q

What is phylogenetics?

A

Phylogenetics is an approach that reconstructs the evolutionary history of bacteria by comparing genetic sequences.

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15
Q

What does ecological and functional classification of bacteria involve?

A

Bacteria can be classified based on their roles in the environment, such as nitrogen-fixing bacteria, pathogenic bacteria, or those involved in industrial applications.

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16
Q

What is the role of bacterial systematics in microbiology?

A

Bacterial systematics provides a structured framework for identifying and classifying bacteria.

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17
Q

What key concepts are important in bacterial systematics?

A

Key concepts include taxonomy, species, strains, and phylogenetics.

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18
Q

How is bacterial classification evolving?

A

The continuous advancement of molecular techniques is improving bacterial classification, making systematics an evolving and dynamic field.

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19
Q

Who was Carolus Linnaeus?

A

Carolus Linnaeus was a Swedish botanist, zoologist, and physician known for proposing the Linnaean taxonomy.

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20
Q

What is the Linnaean taxonomy?

A

The Linnaean taxonomy is a system of categorizing and naming organisms using a standard format for consistent terminology.

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21
Q

What kingdoms did Linnaeus originally divide the natural world into?

A

Linnaeus divided the natural world into three kingdoms: animal, plant, and mineral (the mineral kingdom was later abandoned).

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22
Q

What are the levels in Linnaeus’s original taxonomy?

A

The levels are kingdom, class, order, family, genus (plural: genera), and species.

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23
Q

What is the most specific and basic taxonomic unit?

A

Species is the most specific and basic taxonomic unit.

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24
Q

What are phylogenetic trees?

A

Phylogenetic trees are diagrams that depict the evolutionary relationships among groups of organisms based on their relatedness.

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25
How were early phylogenetic trees constructed?
Early phylogenetic trees inferred relatedness by visible similarities, such as the presence or absence of hair or the number of limbs.
26
How has the analysis of phylogenetic relationships changed over time?
Today, phylogenetic analyses are more complicated and utilize advanced technology.
27
What did Linnaeus's tree of life contain?
Linnaeus's tree of life contained just two main branches for all living things: the animal and plant kingdoms.
28
Who proposed the kingdom Protista and when?
Ernst Haeckel proposed the kingdom Protista for unicellular organisms in 1866.
29
What additional kingdom did Haeckel propose?
Haeckel later proposed a fourth kingdom, Monera, for unicellular organisms whose cells lack nuclei, like bacteria.
30
Who proposed the kingdom Fungi and when?
Robert Whittaker proposed adding the kingdom Fungi in 1969.
31
What categorization level did Whittaker introduce above the kingdom level?
Whittaker introduced the empire or superkingdom level to distinguish between eukaryotes and prokaryotes.
32
What kingdoms are included in the Empire Eukaryota?
The Empire Eukaryota includes the kingdoms Fungi, Protista, Plantae, and Animalia.
33
What was the standard phylogeny for many years?
Whittaker's five-kingdom tree was considered the standard phylogeny for many years.
34
Why are viruses not included in the tree of life?
Viruses are not found in any of these trees because they are not made up of cells, making it difficult to determine where they would fit.
35
What does Figure 1.0 illustrate?
Figure 1.0 shows how the tree of life has changed over time.
36
What is the current status of the taxonomy of living organisms?
The taxonomy of living organisms is continually being re-evaluated and refined with advances in technology.
37
What did Haeckel's and Whittaker's trees present?
Hypotheses about the phylogeny of different organisms based on readily observable characteristics.
38
What did molecular genetics reveal about phylogenetic trees?
It revealed other ways to organize phylogenetic trees that do not rely on subjective observable characteristics.
39
What does modern taxonomy rely on?
Comparing nucleic acids (DNA or RNA) or proteins from different organisms.
40
What is the relationship between nucleic acids and evolutionary closeness?
The more similar the nucleic acids and proteins are between two organisms, the more closely related they are considered to be.
41
Who discovered the genetics-based tree of life?
American microbiologist Carl Woese and his collaborator George Fox.
42
What did Woese and Fox base their tree of life on?
Similarities and differences in the gene sequences coding for small subunit ribosomal RNA (rRNA) of different organisms.
43
What significant discovery did Woese and Fox make about archaebacteria?
They discovered that archaebacteria (now known as archaea) were significantly different from other bacteria and eukaryotes.
44
What are the three Domains created by Woese and Fox?
Archaea, Bacteria, and Eukarya.
45
What does the analysis of small subunit rRNA gene sequences suggest?
Archaea, bacteria, and eukaryotes all evolved from a common ancestral cell type.
46
How is the evolutionary relationship depicted in Woese and Fox's tree?
It shows a closer evolutionary relationship between Archaea and Eukarya than they have to Bacteria.
47
What do the Domains Archaea and Bacteria contain?
All prokaryotic organisms.
48
What does the Domain Eukarya contain?
All eukaryotic organisms.
49
What did Haeckel's and Whittaker's trees present?
Hypotheses about the phylogeny of different organisms based on readily observable characteristics.
50
What did molecular genetics reveal about phylogenetic trees?
It revealed other ways to organize phylogenetic trees that do not rely on subjective observable characteristics.
51
What does modern taxonomy rely on?
Comparing nucleic acids (DNA or RNA) or proteins from different organisms.
52
What is the relationship between nucleic acids and evolutionary closeness?
The more similar the nucleic acids and proteins are between two organisms, the more closely related they are considered to be.
53
Who discovered the genetics-based tree of life?
American microbiologist Carl Woese and his collaborator George Fox.
54
What did Woese and Fox base their tree of life on?
Similarities and differences in the gene sequences coding for small subunit ribosomal RNA (rRNA) of different organisms.
55
What significant discovery did Woese and Fox make about archaebacteria?
They discovered that archaebacteria (now known as archaea) were significantly different from other bacteria and eukaryotes.
56
What are the three Domains created by Woese and Fox?
Archaea, Bacteria, and Eukarya.
57
What does the analysis of small subunit rRNA gene sequences suggest?
Archaea, bacteria, and eukaryotes all evolved from a common ancestral cell type.
58
How is the evolutionary relationship depicted in Woese and Fox's tree?
It shows a closer evolutionary relationship between Archaea and Eukarya than they have to Bacteria.
59
What do the Domains Archaea and Bacteria contain?
All prokaryotic organisms.
60
What does the Domain Eukarya contain?
All eukaryotic organisms.
61
62
What is microbial forensics?
Microbial forensics is a scientific discipline that involves the detection, characterization, and analysis of microorganisms in a legal context.
63
What are the key roles of microbial forensics?
It plays a crucial role in criminal investigations, bioterrorism threats, and epidemiological studies.
64
What is essential for the collection and handling of microbial forensic evidence?
Strict adherence to established protocols is required to ensure the integrity, reliability, and admissibility of the evidence in court.
65
What are the principles of microbial forensic evidence collection?
The collection must adhere to strict scientific and legal guidelines.
66
What is contamination prevention in microbial forensics?
Ensuring that samples are not contaminated by external microbes or cross-contaminated between different pieces of evidence.
67
What tools and equipment are necessary for contamination prevention?
The use of sterile tools and personal protective equipment (PPE) such as gloves, face masks, and lab coats.
68
What is the chain of custody?
Proper documentation must accompany all evidence to ensure accountability and prevent tampering.
69
What should be recorded in the chain of custody?
The time, location, and person collecting the sample.
70
What is representative sampling?
Sufficient sample size must be collected to allow multiple analyses while preserving a portion for possible re-examination.
71
What are the protocols for storage and transportation of evidence?
Using pre-set procedures to ensure the original features of the evidence are maintained.
72
What is the role of the custody center in microbial forensics?
Responsible for evidence input and output protocols.
73
What is the importance of disposal in microbial forensics?
Ensuring proper disposal methods are followed to maintain evidence integrity.

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