MCB 211 Flashcards
(42 cards)
What are immunological methods?
Techniques that use the binding of antibodies and antigen to detect the presence of antigens in a sample or samples
Immunological methods are essential in diagnostics and research for identifying specific proteins or pathogens.
What are antibodies
Antibodies are proteins produced by the bodies immune system to identify and neutralise harmful substances called antigens
The standard immunoglobulin unit has ……..
The standard immunoglobulin unit has 4 polypeptide chains, 2 identical polypeptide light chain and 2 identical heavy polypeptide chain
What is antibody affinity
Affinity is defined as the attraction between an antibody and an antigen.
What is affinity quantitatively
Quantitatively affinity is the sum of the chemical bonds that form between an antigen and an antibody.
Define monoclonal antibodies
Monoclonal antibodies are proteins made in the laboratory that binds to specific targets in the body.
Define agglutination
Agglutination which refers to the clumping of particles together, is an antigen antibody reaction that occurs when an antigen a molecule capable of triggering the adaptive immunity response, is mixed with it’s corresponding antibody at a specific pH and temperature.
What is the first step in agglutination process
The first step in agglutination process is the attachment of a specific antibody to the corresponding antigen
For agglutination to occur what must happen
For agglutination to occur, the ratio of antigen to antibody must be similar
What is the purpose of agglutination
The purpose of agglutination is to detect the presence of specific antigens or antibodies in sample of bodily fluid such as blood, saliva. As well as to identify the specific strains of bacteria in microbiological cultures.
What is one of the most common application of agglutination in clinical practice
Blood Typing
What is the difference between agglutination and aggregation
Agglutination occurs due to an antigen antibody reaction, whereas aggregation involves clumping due to platelet to platelet interaction.
Define complement system
The complement system is a group of proteins that works with the immune system to protect the body from infection and remove dead cells and foreign materials.
List four functions of complement system
1). Host Defence
2). Removal of Debris
3). Regulation of adaptive immunity
4). Modulation of metabolic and regenerative processes
How many proteins is the complement system made up of and where are they found
The complement system is made up of nearly 60 proteins that are found in blood plasma or on surface of some cells.
How does the complement system works
The complement system works by activating components in proteins in a complex process called “The Complement Cascade”
How does the process of complement cascade starts
This process starts when an antibody recognises and bind to foreign particle.
What is the meaning of Membrane Attack Complex (MAC)
It is a pore on the surface of the cell that leads to lysis of that cell.
What is the meaning of opsonization
It is a process that makes a pathogen more susceptible to phagocytosis.
What is the meaning of Chemotaxis
It is a process that helps a cell find it’s way to a target using chemical signal.
What did Linnaeus’s tree of life contain?
Linnaeus’s tree of life contained just two main branches for all living things: the animal and plant kingdoms.
Who proposed the kingdom Protista and when?
Ernst Haeckel proposed the kingdom Protista for unicellular organisms in 1866.
What additional kingdom did Haeckel propose?
Haeckel later proposed a fourth kingdom, Monera, for unicellular organisms whose cells lack nuclei, like bacteria.
Who proposed the kingdom Fungi and when?
Robert Whittaker proposed adding the kingdom Fungi in 1969.
