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Forensic Microbiology 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

What is microbial forensics?

A

Microbial forensics is a scientific discipline that involves the detection, characterization, and analysis of microorganisms in a legal context.

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2
Q

What are the key roles of microbial forensics?

A

It plays a crucial role in criminal investigations, bioterrorism threats, and epidemiological studies.

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3
Q

What is essential for the collection and handling of microbial forensic evidence?

A

Strict adherence to established protocols is required to ensure the integrity, reliability, and admissibility of the evidence in court.

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4
Q

What are the principles of microbial forensic evidence collection?

A

The collection must adhere to strict scientific and legal guidelines.

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5
Q

What is contamination prevention in microbial forensics?

A

Ensuring that samples are not contaminated by external microbes or cross-contaminated between different pieces of evidence.

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6
Q

What tools and equipment are necessary for contamination prevention?

A

The use of sterile tools and personal protective equipment (PPE) such as gloves, face masks, and lab coats.

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7
Q

What is the chain of custody?

A

Proper documentation must accompany all evidence to ensure accountability and prevent tampering.

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8
Q

What should be recorded in the chain of custody?

A

The time, location, and person collecting the sample.

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9
Q

What is representative sampling?

A

Sufficient sample size must be collected to allow multiple analyses while preserving a portion for possible re-examination.

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10
Q

What are the protocols for storage and transportation of evidence?

A

Using pre-set procedures to ensure the original features of the evidence are maintained.

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11
Q

What is the role of the custody center in microbial forensics?

A

Responsible for evidence input and output protocols.

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12
Q

What is the importance of disposal in microbial forensics?

A

Ensuring proper disposal methods are followed to maintain evidence integrity.

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13
Q

What are the four methods of collecting microbial evidence?

A
  1. Swabbing
  2. Filtration
  3. Bulk Sampling
  4. Aerosol Sampling
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14
Q

What is swabbing in microbial evidence collection?

A

Sterile cotton or synthetic swabs moistened with a suitable buffer are used to collect samples from surfaces such as door handles, weapons, or human skin.

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15
Q

What is filtration in microbial evidence collection?

A

Air or liquid samples can be filtered through membranes with defined pore sizes to trap microorganisms.

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16
Q

What is bulk sampling in microbial evidence collection?

A

Solid samples, such as soil or powders, are collected using sterile scoops or containers.

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17
Q

What is aerosol sampling in microbial evidence collection?

A

Microbial particles in the air are collected using bioaerosol samplers.

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18
Q

What is blood and tissue sampling in microbial evidence collection?

A

Biological specimens from cadavers or victims are collected in forensic microbiology cases.

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19
Q

What are the handling and storage requirements for microbial forensic evidence?

A

Microbial forensic evidence must be carefully handled and stored to prevent degradation and ensure viability for analysis.

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20
Q

What is the importance of temperature control in microbial evidence storage?

A

Samples should be stored at appropriate temperatures; for example, bacterial cultures may require refrigeration at 4°C, while viral samples often need freezing at -80°C.

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21
Q

What is sterile packaging in microbial evidence storage?

A

Samples should be placed in sterile, leak-proof containers to prevent contamination and leakage.

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22
Q

What is the significance of labelling and documentation in microbial evidence storage?

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A

Proper labelling with relevant details (date, time, location, collector’s name) must be done to maintain traceability.

23
Q

What are preservatives and transport media in microbial evidence storage?

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A

Certain microbial samples require specific transport media, such as Cary-Blair medium for bacterial pathogens.

24
Q

What are the best practices for the transportation of microbial forensic evidence?

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A
  1. Use of Secondary and Tertiary Containers
  2. Cold Chain Maintenance
  3. Secure and Tamper-proof Packaging
  4. Documentation and Tracking
25
What is the use of secondary and tertiary containers in microbial evidence transport?
Primary sample containers should be placed in secondary, leak-proof containers to prevent spillage during transport.
26
What is cold chain maintenance in microbial evidence transport?
Biological samples requiring refrigeration must be transported in coolers with ice packs or dry ice.
27
What is secure and tamper-proof packaging in microbial evidence transport?
Packaging should be designed to prevent unauthorized access and accidental exposure.
28
What is the importance of documentation and tracking in microbial evidence transport?
Every stage of transport should be documented, with proper tracking mechanisms in place.
29
What happens to microbial forensic evidence after collection and transportation?
It undergoes laboratory analysis to determine the identity and characteristics of the microorganisms present.
30
What are culture-based techniques in the analysis of microbial forensic evidence?
Growth of microbes on selective and differential media to isolate and identify bacterial species.
31
What is microbial forensics?
Microbial forensics is an evolving field that employs microbiological, molecular, and biochemical techniques to detect and analyze microorganisms involved in criminal investigations and epidemiological studies.
32
Why is microbial detection important in forensics?
Microbial detection techniques help forensic experts trace microbial strains linked to criminal cases, track sources of biological threats, differentiate natural outbreaks from deliberate releases, and establish forensic linkages.
33
What are culture-based techniques?
Culture-based methods involve the growth of microorganisms on selective and differential media to study colony morphology and biochemical properties.
34
What is agar plate culturing?
Agar plate culturing involves growing bacteria and fungi on nutrient-rich media to study their characteristics.
35
What are selective and differential media?
Selective and differential media enhance the isolation of target microbes, such as MacConkey agar for Gram-negative bacteria.
36
What are enrichment cultures?
Enrichment cultures are used for low-concentration microbes, allowing preferential growth before analysis.
37
What are the limitations of culture-based techniques?
Culture-based techniques are time-consuming (24-72 hours for bacterial growth) and some microbes are non-culturable under standard laboratory conditions.
38
What are microscopy-based techniques?
Microscopy-based techniques provide direct visualization of microbial cells.
39
What is light microscopy used for?
Light microscopy is used for Gram staining and morphological characterization of bacteria.
40
What is fluorescence microscopy?
Fluorescence microscopy uses fluorescent dyes to detect specific bacterial species.
41
What is electron microscopy?
Electron microscopy provides high-resolution images of microbial ultrastructure, essential for viral detection.
42
What are molecular detection techniques?
Molecular techniques provide high specificity and sensitivity for microbial identification.
43
What is microbial forensics?
Microbial forensics is an evolving field that employs microbiological, molecular, and biochemical techniques to detect and analyze microorganisms involved in criminal investigations and epidemiological studies.
44
Why is microbial detection important in forensics?
Microbial detection techniques help forensic experts trace microbial strains linked to criminal cases, track sources of biological threats, differentiate natural outbreaks from deliberate releases, and establish forensic linkages.
45
What are culture-based techniques?
Culture-based methods involve the growth of microorganisms on selective and differential media to study colony morphology and biochemical properties.
46
What is agar plate culturing?
Agar plate culturing involves growing bacteria and fungi on nutrient-rich media to study their characteristics.
47
What are selective and differential media?
Selective and differential media enhance the isolation of target microbes, such as MacConkey agar for Gram-negative bacteria.
48
What are enrichment cultures?
Enrichment cultures are used for low-concentration microbes, allowing preferential growth before analysis.
49
What are the limitations of culture-based techniques?
Culture-based techniques are time-consuming (24-72 hours for bacterial growth) and some microbes are non-culturable under standard laboratory conditions.
50
What are microscopy-based techniques?
Microscopy-based techniques provide direct visualization of microbial cells.
51
What is light microscopy used for?
Light microscopy is used for Gram staining and morphological characterization of bacteria.
52
What is fluorescence microscopy?
Fluorescence microscopy uses fluorescent dyes to detect specific bacterial species.
53
What is electron microscopy?
Electron microscopy provides high-resolution images of microbial ultrastructure, essential for viral detection.
54
What are molecular detection techniques?
Molecular techniques provide high specificity and sensitivity for microbial identification.

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