Forensic Psych Flashcards
(14 cards)
Top-Down Approach
Offender Profiling:
() Generate hypothesis about probably characteristics of the offender
The American (Top-Down) Approach:
() Came from FBI 1970s
() Based on data from 36 sexually-motivated murderers (Ted Bundy, Charles Manson)
() Developed organised and disorganised
Organised and disorganised:
() Serious offenders have MODULUS OPERANDI
Organised:
() Evidence of planning
() Victim is deliberately targetted (Killer has “type”)
() Little evidence of clues
() Above average intelligence
() Skilled profession
() Socially and sexually incompetent
Disorganised:
() Opposite
() Spontaneous
() Body still at scene
Contructing FBI profile:
() Data assimilation
() Crime scene classification
() Crime reconstruction
() Profile generation
Bottom up
Investigative psychology:
() Establish patterns of behaviour which are likely to occur acorss crimescenes to develop a statstic database which acts as a baseline for comparison
() INTERPERSONAL COHERENCE: The way they interact with the victim at scene reflects everyday behaviour
() SIGNIFICANCE OF TIME AND PLACE: may indicate where offender is living
() FORENSIC AWARENESS: Individuals who have been interrogated before may be more careful
Geographical profiling:
() CRIME SCENE MAPPING: Looks at locations of linked crime scenes
() SPATIAL CONSISTENCY: People commit crimes within same space
() Used with psychologic theory to develope MODULUS OPERANDI
() Canter Circle Theory: Pattern of offending forms circle around home base
() Maruder: Close proximity to home base
() Commuter: Travelled away from residence
() Benefits: Planned? Modeoftransport? Age?
Atavistic form
Historical approach:
() Lombroso wrote book “The Criminal Man”
() Criminals are “genetic throwbacks”, primitive subspecies from non-criminals
Biological approach:
() Lacks in development leads to savagery leads to difficulty adjusting to societal demands leads to crime
() Behaviour rooted in the genes, offender was not to be blamed
Atavistic form:
() MARKERS: ATAVISTIC characteristics
() Narrow sloping brow, prominent jaw, high cheekbones, facial assymetry
() Insensitive to pain, slang, tatoos
Offender types:
() Murderers: Bloodshot eyes, curly hair, long ears
() Sexual deviants: Glinting eyes, fleshy lips, projecting ears
() Fraudsters: Thin and reedy lips
Lobroso Research:
() 383 dead, 3839 living
() 40% of criminal acts are committed by people with atavistc characteristics
BIological: Genetic explaination
Twin and adoption studies:
() Christiansen: 3500 twins in Denmark born between 1880 and 1910
(^) CONCORDANCE RATES: 35MZ, 13DZ
() Crowe: Adopted children of biological criminal mother: 50%, adopted children of biological non-criminal mother: 5%
Candidate genes:
() Tiihonen: 800 Finnish offenders
() MAOA and CDH13 associated with violent crime
() MAOA: Serotonin and aggression
() CDH13: Substance abuse and ADHD
() These present in 5-10% of violent crime
Diathesis stress:
() Diathesis: Genetic
() Stress: Criminal role models
Biological: Neural explaination
Prefrontal cortex:
() Raine: ADP reduced prefrontal cortex activity (regulates emotional behaviour)
() 11% reduction in prefrontal cortex compared to controls
Mirror neurons:
() Keysers: APD can empathise when asked to of film person experiencing pain
() Mirror neurons activated
Psychological Explainations: Eyesenck theory
Personality theory:
() Personality represented in:
() Introversion-extraversion
() Neuroticism-stability
() Later added third: Psychoticism-sociability
Biological basis:
() Criminal personality traits: biological in orgin
() Extraverts: Underactive nervous system so constantly seek excitement, do not learn from mistakes
() Neurotics: High reactivity in sympathetic nervous system, overanxious, unpredictable
() Psychotic: High levels of testosterone, unemotional and aggressive
Socialisation:
() Offending behaviour linked with needing immediate gratification (immature)
() Socialisation helps teach to delay gratification and become sociable
() High E and N makes it hard to condition
Mesurement:
() Eysenck Personality Questionnaire (EPQ)
Psychological Explainations: Cognitive Explainations: level of moral reasoning
Moral Development:
() Kohlberg: Stage theory of moral reasoning
() Level 1 (Stage 1-2): Pre-conventional morality
() Level 2 (Stage 3-4): Conventional morality
() Level 3 (Stage 5-6): Post-conventional morality
() Stage 1: Punishment orientation
() Stage 2: Personal gain
() Stage 3: “Good boy” orientation
() Stage 4: Maintainance of social order
() Stage 5: Individual rights
() Stage 6: Morality of conscience
Kohlberg Study:
() Violent youths have SIGNIFICANTLY lower level of moral development
How this leads to crime:
() Offenders preconventional
() Non-offenders conventional
() Pre-conventional: Selfish
() Chandler: Offenders are egocentric and poor perspective takers
Psychological Explainations: Cognitive Explainations: Cognitive distortions
Hostile Attribution Bias:
() Confrontation assumed
() Misread non-aggressive CUES
() Schonenberg and Jusyte: 55 violent offenders
() Significantly more likely to precieve pictures as aggressive than CONTROL GROUP
() Dodge and Frame: “Aggressive” children more likely to interpret video as hostile compared to “Non-Aggressive”
Minimalisation:
() Application of EUPHEMISTIC LABEL for behaviour
() Barbaree: 26 rapists
(^) 54% denied
() 40% minimised harm
Psychological Explainations: Differential Association Theory
Overview:
() Learn values, attitudes, techniques
() Scientific
() Sutherland said “conditions which are said to cause crime should be present when crime is present and absent when crime is absent”
Offending as learning behaviour:
() Learning attitudes: People are socialised into a group, if pro-crime outweighs anti-crime, crime will happen
() Learning techniques: Offender may learn techniqes: How to pick a lock
Socialisation in prison:
() Prisoners learn specific offending techniques
() More experienced offenders will put this into practice
() Observational learning, imitation, direct tuition
Psychological Explainations: Psychodynamic
Inadequate superego:
() Superego: MORALITY PRINCIPLE, punishes the ego for wrongdoing
() Blackburn proposed that Superego can be deficient or inadequate
() Weak Superego: If the same-gender parent is not there during phallic, child cannot INTERNALISE superego as there is no opportunity for IDENTIFICATION
() Deviant superego: Immoral values
() Over-harsh superego: Overly harsh parent, superego has unconcious need for punishment, superego is crippled by guilt and anxiety
Role of emotion:
() Bad superego leads to emotional demands guiding
() Acknowledges guilt and anxiety
Theory of maternal deprivation:
() Bowlby says continous warm relationship with mother is needed
() 44 juvenile thieves
() 14 affectionaless psychpaths
() 12 of which had experienced deprivation
() Non-offender group: 2 deprivation
Dealing with offending behaviour: Custodial sentencing
Custodial sentencing:
() CLOSED INSTITUTION: Prison, psychiatric hospital
Deterrence:
() General detterrence: Broad messages to soceity that CRIME will not be tolerated
() Individual deterrence: Deter indifivdual
() BEHAVIOURIST idea of vicarious punishment
Incapacitation:
() Protect public from reoffenders
Retribution:
() Society enacting revenge
() “Eye for eye”
Rehabilitation:
() Develop skills
() Treatment programs
() Chance of reflection
Psychological effects:
() Stress and depression
() Institutionalisation: People become accustomed to prison life
() Prisonisation: “Innmate code” is adopted, different to normal values
Recidivism:
() Ministry of Justice: 45% proven recidivism in one year (Yukhnenko)
() US, Austrailia: excess of 60%
() Norway: As low as 20% (Yukhnenko) (More reincarceration in Norway)
Dealing with offending behaviour: Behaviour Modification
Behaviourist Principles:
() All behaviour is learned
() Encourage unlearning of behaviour
Token economy:
() Based on OPERANT CONDITIONING
() Tokens gained or removed
() Tokens are SECONDARY REINFORCERS
() Rewards: PRIMARY REINFORCERS
Designing and Using:
() OEPRATIONALISE target behaviours
() Scoring system: Some behaviours may be worht more, reinforce:punish should be 4:1
() Train staff: STANDARDISE procedures, staff must record rewards.
Dealing with offending behaviour: Anger Management
Novaco:
() Cogntive factors trigger emotions which trigger aggressive acts
() CBT: Recognise factors that trigger their anger
Three Stages:
1 Cognitive Prepartion:
() Reflect on past experiences of anger
2 Skills aquisition:
() Cognitive: Positive self-talk
() Behavioural: Assertiveness training in how to communicate more effectively
() Physiological: Relaxation training, meditation
3 Application Practice:
() Role-play
() Successful with role play given POSITIVE REINFORCEMENT
Julia Keen:
() National Anger Management Package: 8 2 hour sessions
() Studied progress of young offenders 17-21
() Initial issues: Forgetting diary
() Offenders reported increased ability for self-control
Dealing with offending behaviour: Restorative justice
Changing emphasis:
() Impact on state to impact on victim
() John Braithwaite: “crime hurts, justice should heal”
() Focus on victim (survivor)
() Offender
Features:
() Trained mediator supervises
() Face-to-face or video link (Non courtroom setting)
() Survivor confronts
() Active not passive involvement
() Focus on postive outcomes
() Other relevant community members
Sentencing:
() May occur pre-trial
() May be instead of or act as reduction to prison sentence
() Financial restitution may be made
() Repair survivor emotionally (self-esteem)
Resorative Justice Council:
() Establishes clear standards
() Advocates for use beyond crime
