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A level psychology AQA > Forensic Psychology > Flashcards

Forensic Psychology Flashcards

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1
Q

What is offender profiling?

A

An analytical and behavioural tool that predicts and profiles the unknown characteristics of a criminal. This focuses on narrowing down pre-existing suspects.

Possible details generated:

  • Age
  • Personality
  • Race
  • Type of employment
  • Religion
  • Marital status
  • Level of employment
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2
Q

What is the top-down approach.

A

Based on the interviews of 36 sexually motivated serial killers.

It is known as the typology approach because it examines the crime scene and classifies them as either ‘organised’ or ‘disorganised.’

Profilers look at the crime scene features and match it to pre-existing templates.

Subjective = bc relies on the interpretation of the profiler.

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3
Q

What is a disorganised offender?

A

Crime is unplanned.

Victim is randomly selected and offender is unlikely to engage with victim.

Sexual acts are performed after death.

Weapons and clues may be found at the scene.

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4
Q

What is an organised offender?

A

Crime is planned.

Victim is specifically targeted.

Body is transported from the scene.

Weapon is hidden

High intelligence.

Socially and sexually incompetent.

Have a car

Follow their crimes in the social media.

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5
Q

What happens after classification?

A

Construct a profile from pre-existing templates.

This includes = hypothesising offenders looks, background, habits , beliefs etc

Used to work out a strategy of investigation.

Profilers consider how the offender is likely to react if they are being investigated.

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6
Q

What are the 4 stages to constructing a top down profile?

A

Data assimilation = gathering crime scene evidence

Crime scene classification = organised/ disorganised?

Crime reconstruction = hypothesis of how events occurred and behaviour of the victim etc

Profile generation = hypothesis about the criminal as a results of other predictions e.g physical features

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7
Q

Why does the the top-down approach have low GENERALISABILITY?

A

Only applies to particular crimes

Based on the interviews of 36 sexually motivated serial killers = best suited for crime scenes that leave important evidence about the offender e.g rape

Cannot be used = burglary bc ctime scene shows very little about the offender.

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8
Q

Why does the top-down approach have questionable validity?

Canter et al (2004)

A

Canter et al (2004) = smallest space analysis –> analysed date from 100 murders in the USA.

Looked at the cases with 39 characteristics which were thought to be typical for organised and disorganised offenders.

Findings = Evidence shows distinct organised type but not disorganised –> undermines the classification system as a whole.

Top-down approach = widespread support.

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9
Q

Why does the top-down approach have poor temporal validity?

A

Alison et al (2002) = approach looks at old-fashioned models of personality. Which thinks bhvr is driven by stable dispositional traits rather than external factors.

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10
Q

Why is a weakness that the classification of the top-down approach is too simplistic?

A

Various critics argue that there are other types of offenders.

Holmes (1989) = four types of serial killers –> visionary, mission, hedonistic and power/control.

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11
Q

What is the bottom-up approach?

A

Looks for consistencies in the offender’s bhvr during the crime. No assumption is made until a statistical analysis using correlationa; techniques have been used.

approach heavily relies on computer databases being accurate.

objective and reliable.

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12
Q

Why was the bottom-up approach created?

A

Canter (2004)

Aim = to test the reliability of the top-down typology by applying them to 100 cases. 
procedure = content analysis of 100 cases of serial killers.
Findings = 2x many disorganised crimes  than organised crime were identified --> disorganised = easier to identify.

organised offenders:

70% of cases, the body was concealed
75% of cases, sexual activity occurred.

THERE WERE NO SIGNIFICANT DIFFERENCES BETWEEN ORGANISED AND DISORGANISED.

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13
Q

What was the conclusion of Canter (2004)?

A

No distinction between organised and disorganise = all crimes has an organised element to them.

distinction = how disorganised they are in their offending bhvr

it would be better to look at the personality differences between offenders.

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14
Q

How is the Bottom-up approach effected?

A 
Anomalous results 
Not all crimes = reported. 
EWT 
Leading questions 
Data being lost 
Not all crimes are followed up
Human error
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15
Q

What are the two components of the bottom-up approach?

A

Investigative psychology and Geographic profiling

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16
Q

What is investigative psychology?

A

Aims = match evidence collected to a crime with statistical (computer) analysis. Considers three factors:

Interpersonal coherence = belief that people’s bhvr is consistent and there will be a correlation crime + daily bhvr.

Forensic awareness = indvdls how have knowledge of forensic measures = avoid exposure e.g serial killers hide the body.

Smallest space analysis = main component. Statistical technique which uses police databases to create profiles. Procedure = patters + consistencies.

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17
Q

What is Geographical profiling?

A

Centre of gravity and jeopardy surface.

Circle theory

marauders vc commuters.

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18
Q

What is centre of gravity and jeopardy surface?

A

Plotting previous crimes = locate base of operations and the location offender will offender next.

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19
Q

What is circle theory?

Canter and Larkin 1993

A

If you plot the points where the crimes have taken place = criminal activity will fit within circle. This is often around usual residence + can give insight into the nature of the attacks.

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20
Q

What is marauders vs commuters?

A

Circle theory = predict the style of movement adopted by criminals.

Marauders = commit crime near to where they live/work

Commuters = offenders who travel to commit crime. Plotting points help determines which type.

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21
Q

How does the Rachel Nickel case show the failures of the bottom-up approach?

A

Murderer was ruled out in the 1992 investigation because he was not ‘fitting’ the profile (too tall). Wasn’t until 2008 = Robert Napper was the killer.

The system can’t take anomalies.

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22
Q

How does Patherick (2006) suggest there are drawbacks to the bottom-up approach (geographical profiling)?

Machine reductionist = limits the reliability of the results given by the statistics.

A

Stated flaws in the circle theory. The base of operations is not always in the middle of the circle and can lead to time wasting in investigations = especially if the offender is a commuter.

The data produced by Geographical profiling = too simplistic.

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23
Q

How does the bottom-up approach have high application show the strengths of the bottom-up approach?

Georgraphical profiling

A

The smallest space analysis and the principle of spatial consistency can be used over a range of crimes e.g murder and rape as well as burglary.

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24
Q

How does Canter and Heritage’s research (1990) support the bottom-up approach?

Adds validity to investigative psychology.

A

Content analysis of 66 sexual assault cases. Data examined = smallest space analysis.

Several charcteristics found = use of impersonal language/ lack of reaction to the victim.

Lead to understanding how offenders’ bhvr may change over a series of offences. Shows how statistics are useful.

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25
What is the smallest space analysis?
A computer program that identifies correlations across patterns of bhvr.
26
What did Lombroso (1876) argue?
Using Darwin's theories, argued offenders were seperate species. They were thorwbacks to an earlier species. They were born criminals and this can be seen by their head/ face.
27
What does atavastic mean?
A tendancy to revert to an ancestral type.
28
What were the physical characteristics Lombroso argued seen in criminals?
``` Asymmetrical face Unusually large/small ears A low receding forehead Prominent eyebrows/jawbones/ cheekbones Darker skin Dark curly hair ```
29
What were the three types of criminals identified by Lombroso?
Born cirminals = atavastic Insane criminals = suffering from mental illness Criminaloids = mental characteristics predisposed them to criminal bhvr under the right circumstances.
30
Did Lombroso acknowledge the role of the environment?
Yes = inherited atavastic form interacted with a persons physical and social environment.
31
How did the atavastic form and Lombroso contribute to criminology, how is this a strength?
Hollin (1989) = Lombroso is the 'father of modern criminology.' Shifted the emphasis of crime resreach from moralistic discourse (offenders = weak-minded and evil) to more scientific (evolutionary influences and genetics). Can be seen as the early stages of criminal profiling.
32
How does Lombroso support the atavastic form?
Used post-mortem examinations of criminals and studying the faces of living criminals. Examined over 50,000 bodies. 1 study = 383 convicted Italian criminals = 21% had one atavistic trait whilst 43% had at least 5.
33
How does conducting his own investigations lead to drawbacks of the atavistic form?
Investigator effects/bias Counter-research Goring (1913) = 3000 criminals vs 3000 non-criminlas. ``` Findings = no evidence offenders were a distinct group with unusual facial/cranial features. H/E = suggests criminals have lower IQ = limted support of criminals being 'sub-species.' ``` ^ overall, it questions the internal validity
34
How is scientific racism a problem for the atavistic form?
DeLisis (2012) = racism in Lombroso's work directed to people of African descent. ETHICALLY WRONG = lends itself to support the eugenic philosophies (the genetically 'unfit' shouldn't be allowed to breed). Overshadows his work and contribution.
35
Who do researchers use as aprt of their studies on genetic influences on crime?
Family, twin and adoption studies
36
What happened in the Lange (1930) study?
Conducted the 1st study into twins and criminal bhvr. Studied 13 MZ twins and 17 DZ twins where one of the pair was had served time in prison. They compared with the co-twin. Results = 10/13 MZ vs 2/17 DZ twins had their co-twin in prison as well. This shows that criminality was inherited.
37
What genes could be involved with criminal bhvr?
Two condidate genes = MAOA (monoamine oxidase A) and CDH13
38
What is MAOA and how is it linked with criminal bhvr?
Associated with agression Regulates the metobolism of serotnin in the brain. Low levels of serotonin are linked with impulsive and aggressive bhvr.
39
What is CDH13 and how is it linked with criminal bhvr?
Previously linked with ADD and substance abuse.
40
What happened in Tiihonen (2015) research?
Tested 900 offenders in Finland = low MAOA activity and low activity of the CDH13 gene. 900 = divided into extremely violent, violent or non-violent, All 'extremely violent' = deficits with the two genes. Estimated 5-10% of all violent crime in Finland is due to abnormalities in one of these two genes.
41
What type of studies are used to look at the role of environment with offending bhvr?
Adoption studies
42
What happend in Mednick (1984) study?
13,000 Danish adoptees and compared the likelihood of the adoptee having a criminal record if their biological/ adoptive parents did. X parents and X adoptive parents = 13.5% X parent O adoptive or O parent X adoptive = 20% O parents and O adoptive = 24.5% Supports diatheis stress model
43
How does Crowe (1972) support the genetic explanations for criminal bhvr?
Researched adopted children who had a biological parent with a criminal record and found they had a 50% chance of also having a criminal record by the age 18. INTERNAL VALDITY
44
What studies can be used for research support for genetic explanations?
Tiihonen Mednick Crowe
45
Why is biological determinism an ethical problem of the biological explanation for offending bhhvr?
Legal system = based on free will and that criminals have the moral responsibility of their crimes. Discovering the 'criminal gene' could lead to people being ostracised.
46
Why biological reductionsim a weakness of the biologicla explanations?
Criminality = complex. Crime run thorugh families = emotional instability, mental illness, social deprivation and poverty (Katz et al 2007). Mkaes it hard to distinguish the effects of genes and environment. Also there is no 100% concordance rate between MZ twins.
47
what two aspects does the nerual expalantion of offender bhvr look at?
Brain structures and neurotransmitters
48
Which part of the brain is in charge of emotion?
Limbic system
49
Which part of the brain is in charge of decision making?
Pre-frontal lobe
50
What happend in Raine's 2004 study?
71 brain imaging studies = criminals have reduced functioning in the prefrontal cortex. Lower activity in this area = associated with loss of control.
51
What is the limbic system made up of?
Thalamus and amygdala = emotion. Amygdala = fight or flight (threat and fear responses)
52
What happend in Raine's 1997 study?
When studying murderers who were 'not guilty by reason of insanity' = reduced activity in the limbic system. Suggesting ability to process and understand fear and emotions is inhibited.
53
What are mirror neurons?
They are cells in the brain that fire when doing an action as well as firing when watching an action. They are found in various location in the brain and help us with empathy, interactions with others, understanding and learning in social situations.
54
What did Keyser et al (2011) find in relation with mirror neurons?
Studied criminals with APD. These individuals can understand empathy but not consistently like general public. Found they only produced empathetic reactions (the brain activated for empathy) when directly asked to empathise with a person in a video. This suggest MN's in these people were faulty and can be' switched off.'
55
How is serotonin related with cirminal bhvr?
Associated with emotional regualtion. It does this by inhibiting the pre-frontal cortex = stabilising the mood
56
What did Seo et al (2008) find in regards to serotonin?
Low levels of serotonin = can predispose individuals to aggressive and criminal bhvr
57
How is noradrenaline related with criminal bhvr?
Involved in the fight or flight response. It helps individuals perceive threat. Both very high and low levels = aggression + criminal bhvr High = activation of the sympathetic nervous system + fight or flight response. People may over respond to situations that arent threatening. Low levels = reduce the ability for people to react to perceived threats. Increasing the risk-taking bhvr.
58
How is cause and effect a weakness of neural explanations of criminal bhvr?
Difficult to determine if the brain changes caused the crime. Or the crime caused the brain to change. Also issues with the brain may be due to trauma. Bc correlational it doesn't show the causation. Reduces the validity of the overall theory.
59
How does the diathesis stress model limit the validity of neural explanations for criminal bhvr?
Keyser et al's reserach with MN shows genes can be switched on or off depending on environment. Neural explanation s= not only feature and shouldn't be the dominant explanation. Reductionist = high understanding if looked at wider scope.
60
How is the high application of neural explanations a strength?
Serotonin levels can be adjusted with dietray changes in prison = this could help treat aggressive bhvr. Mood stabilisers are used in prion as well. This could then reduce aggression and offending.
61
What did Eysenck (1947) say in the general personality theory?
Bhvr can be represented between two dimensions: intoversion and extraversion. The two dimension combine = personality. Eysenck later adds a third dimension called psychoticism
62
What did Eysenck suggest about each trait?
Each trait = biological bars that is innate. Extraversion = arousal in the nervous system Neuroticism = level of stability in the sympathetic nervous system, how much a person reacts in situations of fight or flight. Psychoticism = higher levels of testosterone.
63
How do the three personalities link to criminal bhvr? Eysenck says extraverted people are more likely to commit crime.
E = seek more arousal so are more likely to engage in dangerous activity N = Unstable and prone to over-react in some situations = may explain some criminal bhvr P = individuals are aggressive and lack of empathy is easily linked to crime.
64
How does Bartol and Holanchock (1979) reduce the reliability of Eysenck's explanation of criminal bhvr?
Studies Hispanic and African-American offenders in prison and divided them into 6 groups depending on their criminal history and offence. Found all groups were less extraverted than the non-criminal group. Lacks consistency when comparing across lots of criminal populations
65
Why is Eysenck's theory have low validity and thus less generalisability because of his sample?
Research that supports Eysenck doesn't look at the criminals who aren't caught. So reproachers only compare convicted criminals to the population. This means it is less generalisable to non-institutionalised criminals.
66
What happened in Sybil Eysenck and Hans Eysenck's study (1977) that supports his theory?
Compared 2070 male prisoners' scores on the EPI with 2422 male controls. Groups were subdivided into age groups from 16-69 years old. Findings = across all age groups on EPN prisoners recorded higher than controls.
67
What inspired Kholberg (1969) to construct the stage theory of moral development?
Interviewed boys and men about their reasons for moral decisions with the Hienz dilemma.
68
What happens in level one = preconventional morality?
Stage 1 = punishment orientation. Rules are obeyed to avoid punishment. Stage 2 = Instrumental orientation or personal gain. Rules are obeyed for personal gain.
69
What happens in Level 2 conventional morality?
Stage 3 = 'Good boy' or 'good girl' orientation Rules are obeyed for approval. Stage 4 = Maintenance of the social order. Rules are obeyed to maintain social order
70
What happens in Level 3 post conventional morality?
Stage 5 = morality of contract and individual rights. Rules are obeyed if they are impartial; democratic rules are challenged if they infringe on the right of others. Stage 6 = Morality of conscience. The individual established his/her own rules in accordance with a personal set of ethical principles.
71
How would criminals be classified using this model? Only 10% of adults reach stages 5 and 6.
They would normally be stage 1 and 2. This is supported by Chandler 1973 = criminals are more egocentric and have poorer social perspective-taking skills than non-offenders.
72
What is cognitive distortions and how does this contribute to criminal bhvr?
Faulty, biased and irrational ways thinking. Two examples of this is hostile attribution bias and minimalisation
73
What is hostile attribution bias?
The tendency to misinterpret the actions of others as aggressive or threatening when they aren't.
74
How does Schonenberg and Justye (2014) support hostile attribution bias?
Presented 55 violent offenders with images of emotionally ambiguous facial expressions. When compared with non-aggressive matched control group, the violent offenders were significantly more likely to perceive the images as angry + hostile.
75
What is minimisation?
The attempt to deny or downplay the seriousness of an offence. This is a common strategy when dealing with feelings of guilt.
76
How does Barbaree (1991) support minimisation?
26 convicted rapists = 54% denied they had committed the offence. 40% minimised the harm they caused the victim.
77
How is it's high application a strength of the cognitive explanation of criminal bhvr?
treatment of sex offenders often uses CBT. This helps them to 'own up' to their bhvr and reduce minimalisation. Studies = correlation with reduced offending with reduced denial.
78
How does Palmer and Hollin increase the validity of the cognitive explanation of criminal bhvr?
Study of 332 male and female non-offenders and 126 convicts. Used moral dilemma related Qs. Delinquent group - less mature reasoning than non-criminals.
79
How does Gibbs (1979) suggest that Kohlberg's theory is culturally biased?
Gibbs (1979) = alternative theory of moral reasoning is mature and immature = same is preconventional morality (level 1) and conventional morality (level2). Agued post conventional morality = abandoned bc culturally biased towards western culture and didn't represent a 'natural' maturational stage of cognitive development.
80
What does Langdon et al (2010) say about individual differences and how is this a weakness of cognitive explanations?
Langdon et al (2010) = IQ may be a better predictor of criminality ity than moral reasoning. This explains the findings of groups with low IQ are less likely to commit a crime even though they show lower levels of moral reasoning.
81
What is the differential association theory?
Proposed by Sutherland (1939). Suggested that offending bhvr could be explained entirely through social learning.
82
What are the meditational processes of SLT?
Bhvr is noticed Bhvr is remembered The person is capable of reproducing the bhvr. There has to be a motivation to repeat the bhvr.
83
What are the 9 principles of Sutherland's theory?
1. Criminal bhvr is learned 2. It is learned through association with others. 3. The association is with intimate personal groups 4. What is learned is techniques and attitudes. 5. The learning is directional = could be for or abasing crime. 6. if favourable attitudes outweigh unfavourable attitudes, person = offender. 7. learning experiences vary in frequency + intensity for each individual. 8. Criminal bhvr is learned through the same process as any bhvr. 9. General need is not sufficient explanation for crime.
84
What is the critical period?
attachment must be formed before age 2
85
What is the continuity hypothesis?
if attachment not formed within critical period = negative effects later in life e.g affectionless psychopaths
86
What happened in Bowlby's 44 thieves study?
4 juveniles thieves accused of stealing = interviewed + family to see if they had affectionless psychopathy. findings = 14/44 this were classified as affectionless P 12/14 = experienced prolonged separation from mother during first 2 years. In control = only 2 had experienced separation.
87
What did Blackburn (1993) say about about offending bhvr?
Suggested that the superego may lead to offending bhvr
88
What is the superego?
This is our 'moral compass' and tells us right form wrong.
89
How does a strong superego lead to offending bhvr?
Usually law abiding. Desire for sex leads to strong feelings of guilt. Guilt = wants to be punished. Commits crime to be punished which satisfies their guilt.
90
How does a weak superego lead to offending bhvr?
Lack of loving parent figure during childhood = selfish, uncaring, uncontrolled aggression and no acre for self or others. No concern of the consequences.
91
How does a deviant superego lead to offending bhvr?
Oedipus conflict = boy models on father. If father is deviant, the son will imitate.
92
How does Dietz and Warren (1995) support the psychodynamic approach (internal validity)?
Found that 76% of the 41 serial rapists they interviewed were abused when young.
93
How does gender bias weaken the psychodynamic approach?
Girls = weaker superego than boys bc haven't experienced castration anxiety so their sense of morality isn't fully developed. Suggest that more women should be offenders. Hoffman (1975) = little girls were more moral than young boys
94
Why is it a weakness that the psychodynamic approach has a lack of falsifiability and therefore have low application?
We can only judge the theory of weak superegos on face validity. It doesn't contribute to our understanding of crime and how to prevent it. Thus we can't develop anything from the explanation.
95
Why is the correlation not causation problem a weakness of the psychodynamic explanation?
Lewis (1954) = analysed data drawn from interviews with 500 young people who had maternal deprivation = bad predictor of future offending. Argues there are other reasons for offending bhvr e.g genetics.
96
What is custodial sentencing?
A judicial sentence determined by a court where the offender is punished by serving time in prison or in some other closed institution e.g psychiatric hospital.
97
What are the aims of custodial sentencing?
``` Punishment Rehabilitation Incapacitation Deterrance To atone for wrongdoing/ retribution ```
98
What does recidivism mean?
The tendency to reoffender
99
What is institutionalism?
The dependancy into an institute that leads to specific behaviours
100
What does deterrence mean?
Discourage the general population from committing crimes through vicarious reinforcement.
101
What does punishment do?
Prevents recidivism
102
What is incapacitation?
It protects the public from dangerous offenders.
103
What is retribution?
To atone for wrongdoings
104
What is rehabilitation?
To educate or offer therapy
105
What is de-individualisation?
The loss of one's identify and 'self-awareness' when a part of a group.
106
How does Zimbardo (1973) SPE support de-indivdualisation?
Uniforms and prisons lead to de-individualisation which is linked to increased aggression. The mirror sunglasses also suggest this in the guards.
107
How are offenders affected psychologically in regards to depression, self harm and suicide?
Abramsom (1989) = depression was caused by helplessness and hopelessness. Suicide = outcome of depression. Greatest risk group = single young men in the 1st 24hrs of imprisonment. Seligman = learned helplessness (dog study)
108
How are offenders affected psychologically in regards to overcrowding and lack of privacy?
Calhoun (1962) = overcrowding with rats led to increased aggression, hyper-sexuality, stress and increased physical illness.
109
How are offenders affected psychologically in regards to effects of the family.
Glover (2009) = offenders with children feel guilt and separation anxiety. Children are deeply affected financially and psychologically .
110
What does recent data suggest about overcrowding and lack of privacy?
25% of prisoners are in overcrowded accommodation = two people in a cell designed for one.
111
What do Walker and Farrington argue is a weakness of custodial sentencing?
Argues that it has little effect on habitual re-offenders. This could be because the punishment is very late
112
How is the high application of custodial sentencing a strength for prisoners?
Prisoners can access education and training that will increase employment and reduce recidivism. Treatment programmes are also offered e.g anger management schemes. H/E = prisons lack resources. Evidence to support the long-term effects of schemes are not conclusive.
113
What are token economies?
Used to encourage desirable bhvrs in closed institutions such as prisons. This is a form of bhvr modification. This started in the 1960s.
114
What are secondary reinforcers?
Tokens
115
What are primary reinforcers?
What the offender wants
116
What is an example negative reinforcement?
Removal of privileges.
117
What is an example of punishment in a prion setting?
Isolation
118
What is the procedure of token economy programmes?
Definitions: - what desired bhvr is - what is a token - how tokens are allocated - what is a reward - how there will be gradual changing of the giving of tokens to shape the bhvr - how many tokens there are for each reward - how the reward will be romped once the bhvr is achieved.
119
What happened in the Hobbs and Holt (1976) study?
125 boys were observed in 4 cottages over 14 months. CG = no tokes. Two supervisors = watched and recorded bhvrs in six categories. Boys were told ow many tokens they earned daily and could exchange them. Social bhvrs increased by 27%.
120
What did Allyon et al (1979) find and how was this a strength of token economies?
Found that token economies were effective in adult prisons.
121
What did Hobbs and Holt (176) find and how was this a strength of token economies?
Effective with delinquents. This could therefore reduce recidivism = every year one offender is £35,000.
122
What did Basset and Blanchard find and how is this a weakness of bhvr modification?
Benefits of token economy were lost if staff techniques inconsistently.
123
What did Blackburn (1993) find and how was this a weakness of bhvr modification?
There was little rehabilitative value. The changes are gone once the offender is released from prison by they won't be rewarded. Tf it has a low external validity because it can't put into other content.
124
What is anger management?
A form CBT which reduces emotional responses by reconceptualising emotion. The aim is to reduce anger and aggression (STE) and reduce recidivism (LTE)
125
Most AMP are based on Novaco's (1975) work. What are the 3 key steps?
Cognitive prep = clients learn about their anger + analyse their own patterns of anger. Skill acquisition = taught skills to help manage their anger e.g relaxation and communication skills. Application training = Clients apply their skills in controlled situations e.g role plays and receive feedback.
126
What does Novaco's model draw on?
The stress inoculation approach
127
How does the range evidence show a consistency of success as a strength of AMP?
Ireland (2004) = 92% improved on at least one measure. Taylor and Novaco (2006) = 75% improvement rates based on 6 case studies. Shows AMP has reliable success as a whole.
128
How does Mcguire (2008) increase the validity of AMP as a strength?
Mcguire (2008) = reduction in reoffending after one year. LTE = more than likely with bc it looks the cause fo the crime.
129
How does individual differences create a drawback for AMP?
Some offenders = drop out of the programme bc they aren't ready to change. AMP are only voluntary.
130
How does the fact some AMP is run by prion staff not psychologists a problem?
There may be poor rapport between the staff and prisoners so they may drop out of the AMP.
131
What is restorative justice?
Seeks to achieve justice by repairing the harm done by the offender. This may be a payment or interaction between the offender and victim.
132
How would the victim benefit from restorative justice?
Allows closure Greater sense of empowerment bc in the criminal justice system they have no voice. Develop an understanding of why the crime was committed
133
How would the offender benefit from restorative justice?
Develop an understandig of consequences of their actions. Opportunity to apologise and accept responsibility. Opportunity to repair hair done as a result of the crime. Opportunity to address and heal the underlying issues that is stopping change.
134
How does the wider community and economy benefit from restorative justice?
Shows the community that offenders are making up for their actions so gives sense of retribution. Restorative justice reduces frequency of reoffending = community is safer. Saves money - £8 in savings to the criminal justice system for every £1 spent on restorative justice.
135
What are the key features of restorative justice?
Offenders and victims cam meet outside the courtroom. Active rather than passive involvement of all parties. Focus on positive outcomes for survivors and those involved with wrong doings
136
What argument do feminists argue to be a weakness of restorative justice?
Women's Aid = called for legislative ban of use of restorative justice in domestic violence cases bc power imbalance between abuser and abused could lead to victim blaming.
137
What does Davies and Raymond (2000) argue to be a weakness of restorative justice?
Regarded as soft options tf will not be encouraged by politicians or public. Politicians want to be seen as tough on crime.

A level psychology AQA (9 decks)

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