Forensics

Question 1

Blood makeup includes

Answer 1

Cells, proteins, enzymes, salts. 45% suspended particles (red/white blood cells) 55% plasma (water, dissolved wastes)

Question 2

3 main blood cell components

Answer 2

Erythrocytes, Leukocytes, Thrombocytes

Question 3

ABO System

Answer 3

Blood typing system with 4 categories based on Antigen A and B presence (Types A, B, AB, O)

Question 4

RH factor

Answer 4

Rhesus factor - presence of same proteins as Rhesus monkey (positive or negative)

Question 5

Blood presumptive tests

Answer 5

Luminol spray, Kastle-meyer test, Leucomalachite test

Question 6

Antigens

Answer 6

usually proteins, any substance triggering a response from the immune system

Question 7

Precipitin test

Answer 7

Observes formation of antigen antibody complex, finds species origin of a blood sample

Question 8

DNA location and definition

Answer 8

Found in nucleus, master copy of genetic information

Question 9

RNA location and definition

Answer 9

Found in cytoplasm surrounding nucleus, serves protein synthesis and cellular function

Question 10

Nucleic acid structure

Answer 10

Sugar, Base, Phosphoric acid

Question 11

The Double helix structure, spiral staircase model

Answer 11

Phosphate and sugar form “handrails,” Bases linked by hydrogen bonds form the steps

Question 12

Chromosomes

Answer 12

DNA in the nuclei coiled around histone molecules (proteins)

Question 13

Traits

Answer 13

Permanent biological features, genetically controlled and inherited through parents

Question 14

Genes

Answer 14

Segments of DNA controlling protein production, which controls traits

Question 15

Cell replication process using double helix

Answer 15

Double helix strands unwind -> nucleotides from cell fluid bond to newly exposed bases -> unwound strand serves as a template to create a new strand

Question 16

Protein synthesis

Answer 16

Transcription and translation, the creation of new proteins in the body

Question 17

Transcription

Answer 17

DNA is copied into mRNA

Question 18

Translation

Answer 18

mRNA is used as a template to make a protein

Question 19

tRNA is

Answer 19

transfer RNA, delivers amiuno acids 1 by 1 to mRNA

Question 20

mRNA is

Answer 20

messenger RNA, carries genetic information to the ribosome

Question 21

Peptide bonds are

Answer 21

What links amino acids together inside of proteins. Each protein has 50+ amino acid sequences using peptide bonds

Question 22

DNA Organization

Answer 22

exons (coding section) and introns (non coding section)

Question 23

Exon and intron variation characteristics

Answer 23

Exons are generally the same person to person, introns vary massively

Question 24

3 DNA Typing methods

Answer 24

RFLP, Polymerase Chain Reaction, Short Tandem Repeats

Question 25

Restriction fragment length polymorphism is

Answer 25

1st accepting protocol for typing DNA. cutting strands of specific base sequences using restriction enzymes

Question 26

Polymerase Chain Reaction is

Answer 26

known as a DNA copying machine by heating and cooling off a sample, denaturing and annealing through thermocycling.

Question 27

PCR advantages

Answer 27

amplifies only the needed parts of a DNA sample, makes copies fast

Question 28

Short Tandem Repeats

Answer 28

locations in a DNA sample that contain a short sequence of bases that repeat

Question 29

STR Analysis

Answer 29

Length of STR at particular locations leads to individualization. Looking at 10 STR loci on different chromosomes leads to high discrimination

Question 30

Electrophoresis

Answer 30

Separates DNA, RNA, or proteins based on size and charge. STR's move according to their length, and their length is compared to a standard.

Question 31

Capillary Electrophoresis

Answer 31

a separation technique that uses an electric field to separate charged molecules based on their size and charge

Question 32

CODIS database

Answer 32

COmbined DNA Index System; national database forming from local, state, and national stored dna databases

Question 33

Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA)

Answer 33

Inherited from the birth mother, used to identify remains via comparison to living relatives

Question 34

Familial DNA court cases

Answer 34

Some believe the use of familial DNA to identify suspects is a violation of the 4th amendment. Ninth circuit court of appeals in the US ruled that the practice is similar to a witness looking at a photo and using that for identification.

Question 35

Acid phosphate test

Answer 35

color test for seminal fluid / turns purple under one minute. if the color change happens in 30 seconds, strong indication of positive presence

Question 36

p30 test

Answer 36

detects presence of p30, a protein produced by the prostate. uses similar methods of ABO serological tests