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Physiology III > Forestomach Fermentative Digestion I > Flashcards

Forestomach Fermentative Digestion I Flashcards

1
Q

define fermentation

A

metabolic process performed by microorganisms that convert CHO to acids, gas, and/or ethanol

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2
Q

what 3 things does fermentation need?

A

substrate
time
space

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3
Q

what are three substrates for fermentation?

A

CHO
protein
fat

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4
Q

what is crude protein (CP)?

A

critical nutrient
made of proteins and NPN (urea)

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5
Q

NPN compounds supply N to the rumen microbes to help build…

A

microbial protein

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6
Q

adding fat in a corn silage based diet has ___ effects on milk production and rumen fermentation

A

negative

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7
Q

fermentation is ___ than glandular digestion

A

mostly slower

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8
Q

why does fermentation require large fermentation chambers?

A

allows space/storage and optimal conditions for processes such as…
pH, moisture, ion, redox potential
slow movement/long transit times for reaction
specific motility patterns
continuous removal of gas/waste

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9
Q

compare the end products of glandular digestion and fermentative digestion

A

glandular (L) and fermentative (R)

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10
Q

what are rumen microbes?

A

mutualists, coexist with host
initiate degradation of cellulose, detoxify allelochemicals, soften substrates

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11
Q

give an example of a microbial waste product that is used by the host

A

short chain FA

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12
Q

what’s “eaten” by the host to provide microbial protein?

A

microbes

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13
Q

what are the three general microbe types in rumen and hindgut?

A

bacteria
fungi
protozoa

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14
Q

what do bacteria microbes do?

A

fiber fermentation and enzymatic breakdown of CHO
substrate specific

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15
Q

are bacteria anaerob or facultative anaerob?

A

both

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16
Q

what do fungi microbes do?

A

cellulase activity

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17
Q

what do protozoa microbes do?

A

ferment fiber
ingest/feed on bacteria
slow down digestion of rapidly fermenting ingesta by ingesting/storing substrate

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18
Q

are protozoa anaerob?

A

YES
ciliates

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19
Q

microbes produce ___

A

VFA aka short chain FA

20
Q

what are VFA’s?

A

endproduct of anaerobic microbial metabolism

21
Q

how does VFA affect rumen pH, and how is that managed?

A

lowers pH
saliva buffer (bicarb) and removal from chamber helps maintain pH and avoid acidosis

22
Q

which important vitamin does microbes produce?

A

vitamin B12

23
Q

vitamin B12 is used for ___ synthesis

A

nucleic acid
also cell growth and maturation

24
Q

dietary B12/Cbl is bound to…

A

two proteins
R protein and Intrinsic Factor forming complexes

25
Q

R protein is secreted by…

A

saliva, gastric cells, pancreas

26
Q

Intrinsic factor is secreted by…

A

parietal cells

27
Q

where are R proteins digested to release B12? what complex is formed due to this release?

A

duodenum
IF-Cbl complexes

28
Q

where is the IF-Cbl complex recognized for the Cbl/B12 to be absorbed?

A

ileum

29
Q

where is Cbl/B12 stored?

A

liver and muscle
lasts few weeks

30
Q

deficiency of ___ causes reduced microbial production and therefore B12 deficiency

A

cobalt (via diet)

31
Q

equation for microbial yield

A

MY = mass of microbial DM / mass of substrate

32
Q

what affects microbial yield?

A

temperature
pH
dilution rate of rumen fluid
C/N ratio

33
Q

what is the C/N ratio?

A

CHO:protein

34
Q

lack of ___ would cause a C/N shift

A

cellulose, with change in protein

35
Q

what does an increased C/N mean?

A

ample energy but insufficient N
available energy is used by microbes for maintenance, NOT growth

36
Q

what does a decreased C/N mean?

A

ample N for growth, but insufficient energy for maintenance
available energy used by microbes for maintenance NOT growth

37
Q

increased/decreased C/N will ___ microbial yield

A

lower

38
Q

a matched C/N will ___ microbial yield

A

maximize

39
Q

what is urea?

A

important source of NPN
formed in liver
excreted in urine

stems from - deamination of endogenous aa, and N absorbed as ammonium in rumen

40
Q

N flow to and from the rumen depends on…

A

ammonia concentration

41
Q

high nutritional protein causes ___ blood urea

A

high
so urea secreted in urine

42
Q

low nutritional protein causes ___ rumen ammonia

A

low
stim N flow to rumen

43
Q

does urea have energy, minerals, or vitamins?

A

no

44
Q

what happens to microbial growth in a closed system?

A

microbial growth declines
since nutrients exhaust and conditions become unfavorable

45
Q

the rumen is an ___ system because…

A

OPEN
feed input, gas release/VFA absorbed, movement of content into omasum

46
Q

what is an open system?

A

constant supply of material, growth is continuous

Physiology III (18 decks)

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