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Physiology III > Neuroendocrine Control > Flashcards

Neuroendocrine Control Flashcards

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1
Q

what is the ENS also known as?

A

second brain

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2
Q

ENS samples the gut content through…

A

receptors

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3
Q

how do ENS neurons connect to other neurons both inside and outside the ENS?

A

interneurons and afferent neurons

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4
Q

what do efferent ENS neurons innervate?

A

target cells
smooth muscle, secretory, absorptive cells

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5
Q

ENS influences ___ organs and the ___

A

neighboring organs
brain

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6
Q

is the ENS able to still coordinate digestion if it’s severed from the brain?

A

YES
in monogastrics

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7
Q

what is of fundamental significance to control of motility and secretion?

A

detecting nutrients in GI tract

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8
Q

what type of cell senses macronutrients?

A

L cells
has microvilli that make direct contact with nutrient

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9
Q

afferent neurons of the ENS are ___ neurons

A

cholinergic

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10
Q

afferent neurons N receptors in the….

A

mucosa - chemoreceptors and mechanoreceptors
muscle layer - mechanoreceptors

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11
Q

explain what’s going on in this image

A

example of afferent neuron function

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12
Q

a lot of the sensory info from the gut also reaches…

A

brain

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13
Q

which hormones/substances are part of the excitatory process of ENS?

A

ACh
substance P

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14
Q

which hormones/substances are part of the inhibitory process of ENS?

A

VIP
NO
ATP

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15
Q

what do the excitatory efferent neurons do to the ENS?

A

contract longitudinal and sphincter smooth muscles
stim secretion
degranulate enteroendocrine cells

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16
Q

what do the inhibitory efferent neurons do to the ENS?

A

inhibit smooth muscle cells
stim secretion
cause vasodilation

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17
Q

what is the myenteric plexus?

A

N longitudinal and circular smooth muscle layers
control gut movement

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18
Q

what is the submucosal plexus?

A

N glandular epithelium, intestinal endocrine cells, submucosa blood vessels
controls intestinal secretion

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19
Q

myenteric plexus is also known as…

A

Auerbach’s plexus

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20
Q

submucosal plexus is also known as…

A

Meissner’s plexus

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21
Q

the myenteric plexus is mainly concerned with ____, whereas the submucosal plexus is concerned with ___

A

myenteric - gut movement
submucosal - control secretions

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22
Q

what do interneurons do?

A

help integrate extrinsic and intrinsic input
communicates between myenteric and submucosal plexus

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23
Q

enteric interneurons establish ___ patterns by inhibiting effector neurons in altering ___

A

segmentation, segments

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24
Q

interneurons control complex reflex pattern such as…

A

peristalsis and rhythmic segmentation

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25
what is ileus?
hypomotility or amotility of GI tract in absence of obstruction
26
what 3 categories of mechanisms are causes of the pathophysiology of post-op ileus?
neurogenic, inflammatory, pharmacologic
27
what are the pharmacological causes of post-op ileus?
opioid peptides administered exogenously DECREASE transit in GI tract through u2 receptors in myenteric plexus, causing hypomotility
28
what do opioid peptides do in GI normally?
modulate motility througb receptors on myenteric and submucosal ganglia inhibits enteric neuron function
29
what is the enteric NS modulated by?
autonomic NS
30
the main function of parasympathetic N on enteric system is...
promote digestion motility patterns, net fluid secretion, vasodilation, enteroendocrine cell degranulation
31
the main function of sympathetic N on enteric system is...
inhibit digestion and recover fluid volume stop motility, increase net fluid absorption, vasoconstriction
32
what is the dominant extrinsic neural tone on GI tract?
parasympathetic
33
which animals are able to have the ENS operate WITHOUT CNS input?
monogastric animals
34
what type of innervation is done by vagus nerve?
parasympathetic
35
what GI does vagus nerve N?
abdominal viscera and pharyngeal mucosa
36
___ increases gut blood flow, motility, and glandular secretions
ACh
37
what type of N does splanchnic nerve supply?
sympathetic
38
splanchnic afferents carry info about...
distension of gut wall, noxious chemicals, inflammation
39
splanchnic efferents tend to be ___ in nature
inhibitory
40
____ decreases motility and glandular secretions
norepinephrine
41
are GI endocrine cells concentrated into glands?
NO
42
list the main GI hormones
gastrin CCK secretin GIP motilin somatostatin
43
gastrin is released by what type of cells, and where?
G cells in pyloric antrum and duodenum
44
gastrin release stimuli
food anticipation, stomach distension, protein/peptides in stomach
45
gastrin inhibition is done via...
HCl, somatostatin, secretin, GIP
46
gastrin 4 main functions
1. stim K/H ATPase in parietal cells 2. stim release of histamines from enterochromaffin-like cells to stim cAMP mediated insertion of K/H ATPase pumps into apical membrane of parietal cells 3. gastric motility 4. pancreas acinar cells
47
how are K/H ATPase pumps added to the apical membrane of parietal cells?
gastrin causes release of histamine -> stim cAMP -> pump insertion
48
somatostatin is released by what type of cell, and from where?
D cells - stomach delta cells - endocrine pancreas hypothalamus
49
somatostatin release stimuli
very low pH in antrum CCK
50
somatostatin function
direct and indirect inhibition of gastric acid secretion
51
explain the direct inhibition of gastric acid secretion done by somatostatin
inhibits adenylyl cyclase of parietal cells, which antagonizes stim effects on histamine
52
explain the indirect inhibition of gastric acid secretion done by somatostatin
inhibit G cells, ECL cells, parietal cells
53
how is somatostatin release blocked during the cephalic and gastric phase?
vagal stim
54
how is somatostatin stimulated for release during the intestinal phase and between meals?
low pH in stomach and CCK
55
which cells does somatostatin inhibit?
G cells ECL cells
56
secretin is released by which cell, where?
S cells in duodenum
57
secretin release stimuli
fat and acid entry into duodenum
58
secretin 2 functions
1. pH regulation - promotes pancreatic and biliary bicarb secretion as well as bicarb release in duodenum epithelium cells 2. reduce gastric acid secretion - block G cells
59
CCK is released by what cell, where?
I cells duodenal and jejunal mucosa neurons in ileum and colon
60
CCK release stimuli
fa/aa/peptide presence in chyme entering duodenum
61
CCK inhibition
somatostatin
62
CCK functions
1. enzyme secretion from pancreas 2. gallbladder contract to release bile 3. activate D cells for somatostatin release
63
GIP is released from which cell, where?
K cells duodenal and jejunal mucosa
64
GIP release stimuli
gls and fa in chyme entering duodenum
65
glc injected into blood ___ followed by increased GIP activity
IS NOT
66
injection of glc into SI results in ___ efficient disposal of glc
more
67
GIP functions
inhibit parietal secretion increase insulin release from endocrine pancreas
68
motilin is released by which cell, where?
M cells duodenal and jejunal mucosa
69
motilin release stimuli
increasing pH in duodenum spontaneous release into circulation during interdigestive phase
70
motilin functions
increase gastric emptying increase somatostatin release from pancreas
71
erythromycin is a motilin receptor ___
agonsit
72
erythromycin function
enhances gastric emptying and intradigestive migratory motor complex
73
erythromycin side effects
D, abdomen pain, V
74
the endocrine system helps coordinate functions of the ___ and ___
stomach and SI
75
how do endocrine control systems affect salivary glands during cephalic phase?
parasympathetic stim of acinar and duct cells
76
how do endocrine control systems affect gastric secretions during cephalic phase?
parasympathetic stim ENS (Ach) stim G cells and parietal cells G cells release gastrin into blood gastrin finds receptors on parietal and chief cells
77
how do endocrine control systems affect pancreatic secretions during cephalic phase?
ENS/ACh stim acinar and duct cells
78
how do endocrine control systems affect salivary glands during gastric phase?
parasympathetic stim
79
how do endocrine control systems affect gastric secretions/motility during gastric phase?
stomach is distended, so stretch receptors are stim G cells (gastrin) stim and parietal cells are stim (more H+ into apical membrane) elevate gastrin levels, since HCl secreted *low pH will be perceived by G cells to cause inhibition when pH<2 histamine is also produced, stim HCl production and gastrin
80
how do endocrine control systems affect pancreatic secretions during gastric phase?
ENS stim acinar and duct cells gastrin acts on CCK receptors
81
after meal ingestion, the process of ___ starts
gastric emptying
82
arrival of nutrients into the duodenum triggers ___ feedback on emptying and ___ secretion of digestive enzymes
negative feedback stim secretions
83
how do endocrine control systems affect salivary glands during intestinal phase?
cease activity
84
how do endocrine control systems affect gastric secretion/motility during intestinal phase?
duodenal distension and fat/protein in duodenum trigger CCK secretion, causing stomach to relax CCK also stim D cells to release somatostatin
85
how do endocrine control systems affect pancreatic secretions during intestinal phase?
ENS/ACh stim acinar AND duct cells CCK/secretin stim acinar and duct cells
86
during the intestinal phase, gastric secretions ___ due to neural and humoral control
decrease
87
how does neural control inhibit gastric secretions during intestinal phase?
removes stimuli from stomach (pH and stretch)
88
how does humoral control inhibit gastric secretions during intestinal phase?
somatostatin synthesized/released from D cells D cells activated by gastrin and CCK SOMATOSTATIN INHIBITS PARIETAL AND ECL CELL ACTIVITY
89
how does endocrine control system affect secretions into GI tract during the interdigestive phase (stomach and SI empty)?
NO distension stimulus reduced gastrin release somatostatin inhibits gastric and pancreatic secretions, CCK release motilin stim contraction of gut smooth muscle and interdigestive motility complex, mass movements
90
what is gastrinoma?
rare neuroendocrine tumor malignant transformation of somatostatin-secretind delta cells of endocrine pancreas into gastrin-producing cells
91
what effect does gastrinoma have?
gastrin stim secretion of gastric acid hypergastrinemia
92
hypergastrinemia due to gastrinoma can lead to...
esophageal/gastroduodenal ulcers enzymatic digestion in SI hampered due to increased acid delivery antral hypertrophy delays gastric emptying indigestion can cause weight loss/anorexia D due to maldigestion
93
treatment options for gastinoma
block H/K pump to improve stomach and duodenum conditions (heal ulcers) somatostatin use to suppress gastrin secretions surgery to remove tumor

Physiology III (18 decks)

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