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Physiology III > The Exocrine Pancreas > Flashcards

The Exocrine Pancreas Flashcards

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1
Q

what are the two types of glandular tissue within the pancreas?

A

exocrine and endocrine

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2
Q

are the islets within parenchyma of glands endo or exocrine?

A

endocrine

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3
Q

exocrine glands are ___ enzymes

A

digestive

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4
Q

what is pancreatic juice rich in?

A

digestive enzymes and bicarb

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5
Q

pancreatic fluids drain into…

A

SI (duodenum) via separate bile and pancreatic ducts

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6
Q

which species have pancreatic fluids drain through a COMMON DUCT?

A

goat, sheep, humans

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7
Q

what does obstruction/inflammation of pancreatic ducts cause?

A

pancreatitis

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8
Q

what happens when food enters the duodenum?

A

neutralizes stomach acids
pH changes very quickly

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9
Q

the ion transport of pancreatic duct cells is ___ but directionally ___ to that of parietal cells

A

similar but opposite

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10
Q

what enzymes for digestion does pancreatic juice provide?

A

amylase
lipase
protease

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11
Q

what does amylase do?

A

breaks down glc polymers

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12
Q

what does lipase do?

A

digest triglycerides, phospholipids, and cholesterols

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13
Q

what do proteases do?

A

breaks down proteins to aa, di/tri/oligo-peptides

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14
Q

what do pancreatic acinar cells secrete?

A

enzymatic components (pro-enzymes)

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15
Q

what is meant by ecbolic secretion?

A

protein secretion by acinar cells

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16
Q

proenzymes are stored in…

A

zymogen granules

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17
Q

zymogen granules are released via…

A

exocytosis

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18
Q

bicarb is ___ secreted by pancreas

A

actively

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19
Q

what do centroacinar and ductal cells secrete?

A

aqueous fraction aka electrolytes, bicarb, water

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20
Q

what is hydroelastic secretion from the pancreas?

A

alkaline and watery secretion by duct cells

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21
Q

what do ductal cells to to pancreatic fluid?

A

modify it, remove Cl- and add bicarb to make it alkaline

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22
Q

pancreatic bicarb secretion into duodenum is essential for…

A

gastric acid neutralization

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23
Q

bicarb is secreted via what exchanger?

A

Cl/bicarb exchange, which is driven by bicarb gradient

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24
Q

which proteins maintain the bicarb gradients?

A
  1. Na/bicarb transport
  2. intracell carboanhydrase (CA)
  3. Na/K ATPase
  4. proton pump
  5. Na/H exchange
  6. Cl channel
  7. water follows via osmotic gradient
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25
composition of pancreatic juice depends on...
rate of secretion aka flow rate
26
at LOW pancreas flow rates, ___ is main anion
Cl-
27
at HIGH pancreas flow rates, ___ concentration increases
bicarb
28
which hormone stimulates secretory/flow rate?
secretin
29
bicarb concentration ___ at higher flow rates
increases
30
what does CCK and gastrin stimulate in the pancreas?
stimulates acinar cells to secrete proenzymes
31
what does secretin stimulate in pancreas?
duct cells to secrete water and bicarb
32
what does vagal input do to the pancreas?
stimulates BOTH acinar and duct cells
33
___ hormonal and ___ neural control mechanism stimulates pancreatic secretion
2 hormonal 1 neural
34
what are the three mechanisms that stimulate pancreatic secretion?
1. vagal input stim acinar and duct cells 2. CCK and gastrin stim acinar cells 3. secretin stim duct cells
35
what are the three phases of pancreatic secretion?
1. cephalic phase 2. gastric phase 3. intestinal phase
36
what is the cephalic phase of pancreatic secretion?
sight, smell, taste, anticipation
37
what is the gastric phase of pancreatic secretion?
stomach distension
38
what is the intestinal phase of pancreatic secretion?
arrival of food into the SI
39
which phase of pancreatic secretion includes acinar and duct cell response?
intestinal
40
which is the most important phase of pancreatic secretion? why?
intestinal phase! controls 80% of secretion
41
when during the intestinal phase is CCK released and why?
in response to fats and aa's in duodenum released from I cells, enters circulation and stim acinar cells
42
when during the intestinal phase is gastrin released and why?
in response to peptides and aa's in stomach released from G cells, stim acinar cells
43
which 3 hormones stimulate enzyme secretion?
ACh, CCK, gastrin
44
when during the intestinal phase is secretin released and why?
in response to low pH in duodenum released from S cells to stim duct secretion (bicarb)
45
what hormones are part of the enteropancreatic reflex?
CCK - due fats and aa in duodenum gastrin - due to peptides and aa in stomach secretin - low SI pH
46
what are the two players of endocrine control of pancreatic juice secretion?
CCK and secretin
47
where is CCK synthesized and released from?
peptide hormone enteroendocrine I cells
48
where can you find I cells?
duodenum, jejunum, ileum
49
what's the stimulator for I cells?
fatty acids and aa
50
what is the target of CCK?
acinar cells
51
which organs does CCK act on?
gallbladder, pancreas, stomach, sphincter of bile aka pancreatic duct
52
where is secretin synthesized and released from?
peptide hormone released by enteroendocrine S cells
53
where can you find S cells?
duodenum
54
what is a stimulator of secretin S cells?
low pH (<4.5) in duodenum
55
what does secretin target?
duct cells
56
increasing levels of secretin ___ secretory flow rate
increases
57
increasing levels of secretin increase flow rate, which causes ___ in fluid composition
change
58
enzymes are activated and work best in an ___ environment
alkaline
59
where are digestive enzymes activated?
duodenum
60
why is digestive enzyme activation such a complex mechanism?
protective mechanism against autodigestion
61
explain the process of digestive enzyme activation in the duodenum
1. inactive proenzymes (zymogens) are synthesized 2. proenzymes are stored in vesicles 3. proenzymes are activated in intestinal lumen 4. trypsinogen is cleaved by ENTEROKINASE 5. trypsin activates other proenzymes
62
where is anti-trypsin factor produced?
acinar cells
63
trypsin activates...
other proenzymes
64
?
pancreatitis!
65
what is pancreatitis?
inflammation of pancreas with histological presence of edema, neutrophilic infiltrate, necrosis
66
pancreatitis occurs when digestive enzymes are activated upon release into ___ system, causing ____ and ___
pancreatic duct system causes autophagy and inflammation
67
issues with normal pancreatic juice secretion ___ zymogen granules, and proenzymes become ___ in ducts. this causes ___ activation
increases granules proenzymes get trapped PREMATURE activation
68
spontaneous cleavage of ___ causes premature activation of all zymogens
trypsinogen
69
what are symptoms of pancreatitis?
anorexia, lethargy, exercise intolerance, V, D, abdomen pain, dehydration, fever, arrhythmia
70
in patients with pancreatitis, total serum lipase is ___
increased
71
what are pancreatic lipases typically produced by>
pancreatic acinar cells
72
what's the etiology of pancreatitis?
idiopathic
73
what's the key factor initiating pancreatic inflammation?
activation of trypsin within acinar cells

Physiology III (18 decks)

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