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Physiology III > The Exocrine Pancreas > Flashcards

The Exocrine Pancreas Flashcards

1
Q

what are the two types of glandular tissue within the pancreas?

A

exocrine and endocrine

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2
Q

are the islets within parenchyma of glands endo or exocrine?

A

endocrine

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3
Q

exocrine glands are ___ enzymes

A

digestive

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4
Q

what is pancreatic juice rich in?

A

digestive enzymes and bicarb

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5
Q

pancreatic fluids drain into…

A

SI (duodenum) via separate bile and pancreatic ducts

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6
Q

which species have pancreatic fluids drain through a COMMON DUCT?

A

goat, sheep, humans

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7
Q

what does obstruction/inflammation of pancreatic ducts cause?

A

pancreatitis

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8
Q

what happens when food enters the duodenum?

A

neutralizes stomach acids
pH changes very quickly

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9
Q

the ion transport of pancreatic duct cells is ___ but directionally ___ to that of parietal cells

A

similar but opposite

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10
Q

what enzymes for digestion does pancreatic juice provide?

A

amylase
lipase
protease

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11
Q

what does amylase do?

A

breaks down glc polymers

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12
Q

what does lipase do?

A

digest triglycerides, phospholipids, and cholesterols

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13
Q

what do proteases do?

A

breaks down proteins to aa, di/tri/oligo-peptides

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14
Q

what do pancreatic acinar cells secrete?

A

enzymatic components (pro-enzymes)

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15
Q

what is meant by ecbolic secretion?

A

protein secretion by acinar cells

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16
Q

proenzymes are stored in…

A

zymogen granules

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17
Q

zymogen granules are released via…

A

exocytosis

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18
Q

bicarb is ___ secreted by pancreas

A

actively

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19
Q

what do centroacinar and ductal cells secrete?

A

aqueous fraction aka electrolytes, bicarb, water

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20
Q

what is hydroelastic secretion from the pancreas?

A

alkaline and watery secretion by duct cells

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21
Q

what do ductal cells to to pancreatic fluid?

A

modify it, remove Cl- and add bicarb to make it alkaline

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22
Q

pancreatic bicarb secretion into duodenum is essential for…

A

gastric acid neutralization

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23
Q

bicarb is secreted via what exchanger?

A

Cl/bicarb exchange, which is driven by bicarb gradient

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24
Q

which proteins maintain the bicarb gradients?

A
  1. Na/bicarb transport
  2. intracell carboanhydrase (CA)
  3. Na/K ATPase
  4. proton pump
  5. Na/H exchange
  6. Cl channel
  7. water follows via osmotic gradient
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25
Q

composition of pancreatic juice depends on…

A

rate of secretion aka flow rate

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26
Q

at LOW pancreas flow rates, ___ is main anion

A

Cl-

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27
Q

at HIGH pancreas flow rates, ___ concentration increases

A

bicarb

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28
Q

which hormone stimulates secretory/flow rate?

A

secretin

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29
Q

bicarb concentration ___ at higher flow rates

A

increases

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30
Q

what does CCK and gastrin stimulate in the pancreas?

A

stimulates acinar cells to secrete proenzymes

31
Q

what does secretin stimulate in pancreas?

A

duct cells to secrete water and bicarb

32
Q

what does vagal input do to the pancreas?

A

stimulates BOTH acinar and duct cells

33
Q

___ hormonal and ___ neural control mechanism stimulates pancreatic secretion

A

2 hormonal
1 neural

34
Q

what are the three mechanisms that stimulate pancreatic secretion?

A
  1. vagal input stim acinar and duct cells
  2. CCK and gastrin stim acinar cells
  3. secretin stim duct cells
35
Q

what are the three phases of pancreatic secretion?

A
  1. cephalic phase
  2. gastric phase
  3. intestinal phase
36
Q

what is the cephalic phase of pancreatic secretion?

A

sight, smell, taste, anticipation

37
Q

what is the gastric phase of pancreatic secretion?

A

stomach distension

38
Q

what is the intestinal phase of pancreatic secretion?

A

arrival of food into the SI

39
Q

which phase of pancreatic secretion includes acinar and duct cell response?

A

intestinal

40
Q

which is the most important phase of pancreatic secretion? why?

A

intestinal phase!
controls 80% of secretion

41
Q

when during the intestinal phase is CCK released and why?

A

in response to fats and aa’s in duodenum
released from I cells, enters circulation and stim acinar cells

42
Q

when during the intestinal phase is gastrin released and why?

A

in response to peptides and aa’s in stomach
released from G cells, stim acinar cells

43
Q

which 3 hormones stimulate enzyme secretion?

A

ACh, CCK, gastrin

44
Q

when during the intestinal phase is secretin released and why?

A

in response to low pH in duodenum
released from S cells to stim duct secretion (bicarb)

45
Q

what hormones are part of the enteropancreatic reflex?

A

CCK - due fats and aa in duodenum
gastrin - due to peptides and aa in stomach
secretin - low SI pH

46
Q

what are the two players of endocrine control of pancreatic juice secretion?

A

CCK and secretin

47
Q

where is CCK synthesized and released from?

A

peptide hormone
enteroendocrine I cells

48
Q

where can you find I cells?

A

duodenum, jejunum, ileum

49
Q

what’s the stimulator for I cells?

A

fatty acids and aa

50
Q

what is the target of CCK?

A

acinar cells

51
Q

which organs does CCK act on?

A

gallbladder, pancreas, stomach, sphincter of bile aka pancreatic duct

52
Q

where is secretin synthesized and released from?

A

peptide hormone released by enteroendocrine S cells

53
Q

where can you find S cells?

A

duodenum

54
Q

what is a stimulator of secretin S cells?

A

low pH (<4.5) in duodenum

55
Q

what does secretin target?

A

duct cells

56
Q

increasing levels of secretin ___ secretory flow rate

A

increases

57
Q

increasing levels of secretin increase flow rate, which causes ___ in fluid composition

A

change

58
Q

enzymes are activated and work best in an ___ environment

A

alkaline

59
Q

where are digestive enzymes activated?

A

duodenum

60
Q

why is digestive enzyme activation such a complex mechanism?

A

protective mechanism against autodigestion

61
Q

explain the process of digestive enzyme activation in the duodenum

A
  1. inactive proenzymes (zymogens) are synthesized
  2. proenzymes are stored in vesicles
  3. proenzymes are activated in intestinal lumen
  4. trypsinogen is cleaved by ENTEROKINASE
  5. trypsin activates other proenzymes
62
Q

where is anti-trypsin factor produced?

A

acinar cells

63
Q

trypsin activates…

A

other proenzymes

64
Q

?

A

pancreatitis!

65
Q

what is pancreatitis?

A

inflammation of pancreas with histological presence of edema, neutrophilic infiltrate, necrosis

66
Q

pancreatitis occurs when digestive enzymes are activated upon release into ___ system, causing ____ and ___

A

pancreatic duct system
causes autophagy and inflammation

67
Q

issues with normal pancreatic juice secretion ___ zymogen granules, and proenzymes become ___ in ducts. this causes ___ activation

A

increases granules
proenzymes get trapped
PREMATURE activation

68
Q

spontaneous cleavage of ___ causes premature activation of all zymogens

A

trypsinogen

69
Q

what are symptoms of pancreatitis?

A

anorexia, lethargy, exercise intolerance, V, D, abdomen pain, dehydration, fever, arrhythmia

70
Q

in patients with pancreatitis, total serum lipase is ___

A

increased

71
Q

what are pancreatic lipases typically produced by>

A

pancreatic acinar cells

72
Q

what’s the etiology of pancreatitis?

A

idiopathic

73
Q

what’s the key factor initiating pancreatic inflammation?

A

activation of trypsin within acinar cells

Physiology III (18 decks)

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