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NCF-Envirothon > Forestry: 1_Plant Biology and Growth > Flashcards

Forestry: 1_Plant Biology and Growth Flashcards

(100 cards)

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1
Q

What is Absorption?

A

The uptake of water and minerals by the roots of a plant.

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2
Q

What is an Adventitious Bud?

A

A bud that forms spontaneously, usually in response to a tree wound or attack, and creates shoots in the same growing season.

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3
Q

What is an Angiosperm?

A

A flowering plant that produces seeds enclosed within an ovary, typically a fruit or nut.

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4
Q

What is an Apical Meristem?

A

Longitudinally oriented meristem found in shoot tips and root tips, responsible for growth in length.

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5
Q

What is an Axillary Bud?

A

A bud found along the side of a twig, typically at a node.

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6
Q

What is Bark?

A

The exterior layers of a tree trunk and branches, providing protection, insulation, and moisture control.

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7
Q

What is a Barrier Zone?

A

Wall 4 in the CODIT model, formed by living cambium over a wound to protect from outward vulnerability to decay.

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8
Q

What is a Branch Bark Ridge?

A

A line of raised bark at the junction of a branch and trunk, indicating a strong connection.

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9
Q

What is a Branch Collar?

A

The area where the trunk surrounds the branch base, providing extra support.

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10
Q

What is Cambium?

A

Lateral or secondary meristems responsible for growth in diameter.

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11
Q

What is a Canopy?

A

The leaves and branches of a tree, responsible for photosynthesis and transpiration.

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12
Q

What is Capillary Action?

A

The process by which water moves up a narrow tube or within a plant stem due to the cohesive and adhesive properties of water.

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13
Q

What are Carbohydrates?

A

Sugars and starches produced during photosynthesis, used for energy or storage.

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14
Q

What is Cell Division?

A

The process by which one cell copies its genetic material and splits into two identical daughter cells.

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15
Q

What is Cellulose?

A

A tough material that makes up cell walls and provides structural support.

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16
Q

What is Chlorophyll?

A

A green pigment found in chloroplasts that captures sunlight energy for photosynthesis.

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17
Q

What are Chloroplasts?

A

Organelles within mesophyll cells containing chlorophyll, where photosynthesis takes place.

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18
Q

What does CODIT stand for?

A

Compartmentalization of Decay in Trees.

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19
Q

What is Cohesion?

A

The attraction between water molecules.

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20
Q

What does Coniferous refer to?

A

Trees that typically have needles or scales and bear cones.

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21
Q

What is Cork Cambium?

A

Lateral meristem responsible for the development of exterior bark layers.

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22
Q

What is Cortex?

A

A layer of cells in tree roots that transfers nutrients from root hairs to vascular tissue and is used for energy storage.

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23
Q

What is a Cuticle?

A

The outer waxy surface layer of leaves that helps prevent water loss.

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24
Q

What does Deciduous mean?

A

Trees that lose their leaves annually.

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25
What is Differentiation?
The process by which cells develop a structure to fulfill a specific function.
26
What is Early Wood?
Lightly colored, less dense wood produced during rapid growth early in the growing season.
27
What is Endodermis?
The innermost layer of cells in tree roots, regulating water and nutrient movement.
28
What is Epidermis?
The outermost tissue layer in plants, providing protection, insulation, and moisture/gas control.
29
What does Evergreen mean?
Trees that retain their leaves for multiple years.
30
What is Exodermis?
Tissue layer in tree roots just beneath the epidermis, replacing epidermis tissue as it wears away.
31
What are Fiber Bundles?
Long, slender cells in tree trunks providing structural support.
32
What are Flowers?
Reproductive organs found in angiosperms, using seeds or pollen in reproduction.
33
What are Fruits?
Structures in angiosperms that enclose seeds and aid in dissemination.
34
What are Growth Regulators?
Hormones that coordinate and control tree processes like growth and dormancy.
35
What is a Gymnosperm?
A non-flowering plant that produces 'naked' seeds, typically in cones.
36
What is Hardwood?
Woody-fleshed plant species that are angiosperms, typically deciduous with broad leaves.
37
What is Heartwood?
The inner, darker layer of the tree trunk composed of dead xylem cells.
38
What is Included Bark?
Bark that does not have tissues woven together at a branch junction.
39
What are Internodes?
The area on a twig between two nodes.
40
What is Late Wood?
Darkly colored, more dense wood produced during slower growth later in the growing season.
41
What is a Lateral Bud?
A bud found along the side of a twig, typically at a node.
42
What is a Lateral Meristem?
Horizontally oriented meristem responsible for increasing the diameter of the tree.
43
What are Lateral Roots?
Larger root structures containing vascular tissue for transporting nutrients and water.
44
What is a Leaf Scar?
A visible area on a twig where a leaf was attached.
45
What are Lenticels?
Small porous areas in twig or bark for gas exchange.
46
What is Mass Flow?
The movement of water from high concentrations to lower concentrations, particularly in roots.
47
What are Meristems?
Specific zones of new cell growth in trees.
48
What is Mesophyll?
Cells in the middle section of a leaf containing chloroplasts for photosynthesis.
49
What are Nodes?
Areas on a twig where leaves and a corresponding bud arise.
50
What is Osmosis?
The process by which water flows into roots to equalize salt concentrations between the roots and surrounding soil.
51
What is Outer Bark?
The outermost layer of bark, composed of dead cells with lenticels for gas exchange.
52
What is Oxidation?
The chemical process by which sugars and starches are converted to energy in living cells.
53
What is Palisade Mesophyll?
Tightly packed mesophyll cells in the upper part of a leaf, containing many chloroplasts.
54
What are Parenchyma Cells?
Cells that provide support and nutrients to xylem and phloem.
55
What is Pericycle?
Tissue inside the endodermis in tree roots, providing internal support and forming new lateral roots.
56
What is Periderm?
The outermost layer of bark, a tree's first line of defense.
57
What is Phelloderm?
Thin layers of tissue developing inside the cork cambium.
58
What is Phellum?
Tissue developing outside the cork cambium, aging and dying to create bark.
59
What is Phloem?
Vascular tissue responsible for transporting sugars from shoots to roots.
60
What is Photosynthesis?
The process by which plants use sunlight, carbon dioxide, and water to create sugars and oxygen.
61
What are Photosynthates?
Food products created during photosynthesis.
62
What is Pith?
The innermost portion of the tree trunk, composed of soft spongy parenchyma cells.
63
What is Pollen?
Male reproductive cells in plants, used in reproduction.
64
What are Preventitious Buds?
Buds formed within a growing season that remain dormant until signaled to create new shoot development.
65
What are Reaction Zones?
Walls 1-3 in the CODIT model, resisting the vertical and inner spread of decay.
66
What is Respiration?
The process of breaking up and releasing energy created during photosynthesis.
67
What are Root Hairs?
Small outgrowths from lateral roots that increase surface area for water and nutrient absorption.
68
What is a Root Plate?
The area encompassed by the three to ten largest roots, providing primary structural support.
69
What are Roots?
The underground part of a tree, anchoring the tree, absorbing water and nutrients, and storing food.
70
What are Samaras?
The seed capsules of a maple tree.
71
What is Sapwood?
The outer layer of the tree trunk composed of living xylem cells.
72
What is a Secondary Meristem?
Horizontally oriented meristem responsible for increasing the diameter of the tree.
73
What are Seeds?
Structures containing a plant embryo, providing a protective coat and higher resistance to drought.
74
What is a Shoot?
The part of a tree above ground, including twigs, branches, and trunk.
75
What are Sieve Cells?
Cells in tree roots that separate minerals and nutrients.
76
What are Sieve Plates?
Separations within sieve tubes in phloem, allowing for bidirectional flow of nutrients.
77
What are Sieve Tubes?
Hollow tubes formed by phloem cells for transporting sap.
78
What is Softwood?
Woody-fleshed plant species that are gymnosperms, typically coniferous with needles or scales.
79
What is Spongy Mesophyll?
Loosely packed mesophyll cells in the lower part of a leaf, allowing for gas exchange.
80
What are Stomata?
Small pores on the underside of leaves that open and close to control water loss.
81
What is Suberin?
A water-repellent substance coating some endodermis cells.
82
What is a Terminal Bud?
A bud at the tip of a twig, regulating the growth of other buds on the same twig.
83
What is a Terminal Bud Scale?
A scar area on a twig signaling the difference between the last growth period and the current growth period.
84
What are Tissues?
Groups of cells with the same function.
85
What are Tracheids?
Linear tubes in softwoods that transport water and produce sap.
86
What is Translocation?
The movement of transport sugars from where they are created to where they are needed via phloem.
87
What is Transpiration?
The evaporation of water out of a tree, primarily through stomata.
88
What are Transport Roots?
Roots branching from the root plate, delivering sugars to developing root tips.
89
What is a Trunk?
The main stem of a tree, supporting and elevating the canopy.
90
What is a Trunk Flange?
The area of thickness signaling the trunk transitioning to a branch.
91
What is Turgor Pressure?
The pressure exerted by the cell contents against the cell wall, helping to maintain plant rigidity.
92
What is Vascular Cambium?
Lateral meristem responsible for the development of the inner tree and wood.
93
What is Vascular Tissue?
A bundle of cells that transport water and nutrients throughout the tree.
94
What are Vessel Elements?
Hollow tubes formed by xylem cells for transporting water and minerals.
95
What is Wall 1 in the CODIT model?
Resists vertical spread of decay by plugging xylem tissues.
96
What is Wall 2 in the CODIT model?
Resists inner spread of fungus by creating a chemical defense in annual rings.
97
What is Wall 3 in the CODIT model?
Resists transverse spread of decay by activating chemical defenses in existing cells.
98
What is Wall 4 in the CODIT model?
The final coverage of a wound, formed by living cambium.
99
What is Wood?
The inner part of a tree trunk and branches, composed primarily of xylem.
100
What is Xylem?
Vascular tissue responsible for transporting water and minerals from roots to shoots.

NCF-Envirothon (26 decks)

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