Forestry & Woodland Management Flashcards
(54 cards)
What is DBH?
Diameter at Breast Height
Used to estimate volume, biomass and carbon storage
Measured at 1.3m above ground level using a Diameter Tape
What are the different woodland designations?
ASNW - Ancient Semi-Natural Woodland = Pre 1600 planting, rarest and highest in conservation value
PAWS - Planted Ancient Woodland Site = Pre 1600 but planted at any time since
Recent Semi-Natural = Post 1600
Recent Plantation = Post 1600, most 19th Century onwards
Latin Tree Names
English Oak = Quercus Robue
Sessile Oak = Quercus Petraea
SLL = Tilia Cortada
Beech = Fagus Sylvatica
Scots Pine = Pinus Sylvestris
Corsican Pine = Pinus Nigra
Woodland Grants & Incentives
EWCO = £10,200/ha + £400/ha annual maintainance (15 years) + £3,350/ha potential for public access / water improvment
WTH = £6k/ha for native ancient. £4,720/ha for other. £3k/ha for non-native ancient. £3,850/ha for other
WD5 = £371/ha - 10 years
CS - 5 years: WD2 Woodland Improvement = £127/ha - 10 hectare min
WS1 Deer Control = £105/ha
WS3 Squirrel Control = £60/ha
Penalties for non-compliance with Forestry Act, UK Forestry Standard and CS
Depends on offence:
* Unlimited fines
* Potential imprisonment
* Enforcement Notice
* Restocking Order
* Termination of agreement / scheme
What did the Forestry Act 1967 do?
- Established the FC’s regulatory authority
- Introduced felling licences
- Promoted interest of forestry
- Introduced conservation duties
- Introduced Restocking Notices
What is the Forestry Commission?
A non-ministerial department with remit to increase the value of woodlands to society and the environment. Responsible for regulation and provides incentives and guidance for creating and managing woodlands
When was the FC established and why?
1919
To restore the nations woodlands following WW1
What are some silvicultural characteristics of trees?
- Shade tolerance
- Frost susceptibility
- Root system
- Growth rate
- Soil preference
What is amenity woodland?
Woodland managed for the purpose beyond commercial timber production, such as recreation and conservation
What is the value of amenity woodland?
Less than 5ha = £45k
15-20ha = £145k
* Health and wellbeing
* Biodiversity and environment
* Recreation
* Property value
* Economic value
What are the main commercial tree species?
Coniferous softwood species - High Yeid Class
* Sitka Spruce
* Douglas Fir
* Scots Pine
What are the main amenity tree species?
- Oak
- Beech
- Lime
- Wild Service
- Hawthorn
What are the key points of the UK Forestry Standard 5th edition 2023
- Based on sustainable forest management
- Biodiversity, climate change and soil health
- People, historic environment, water
- Grant schemes and regulatory processes
- 3 pillars of sustainability
- LR = Legal Requirements
- GPR = Good Practise Requirements
What is a forest?
A wooded area larger than 0.5ha
What are some common tree diseases in your area?
Horse Chestnut Bleeding Canker - Bacterial pathogen within trees water transport system under bark - causes death
Sycamore Sooty Bark Disease - Fungal disease that lays dormant until hot and dry weather when tree is stressed, causing a black sooty layer of dust and spores and leads to wilting, dieback and mortality. Can cause respiritory problems in humans - reduces timber value
Ashdieback - Fungal disease, 70/80% will die, a third of englands tree species
Agrilus / Acute Oak Decline - vulnerable trees emit volatiles, agrilus takes advantage and then gives off its own volatiles - D-shaped exit holes, bore into tree and larva feed on trees vascular tissues, restricting or severing trees flow of nutrients, can cause death
Redband Needle Blight - Fungal disease in Scots Pine, caused by warm rainfall episodes, underthinned stands create ideal conditions for fungus
What are indicators of ASNW?
Use Magic Maps
Wild Service Tree
Yellow Arc Angel
Blue Bells
Silvicultural characteristics of tree species
Oak - Light demanders, regenerates, well drained soils, slow growing
Beech - Shade tolerant, moist / well drained soils, not compacted or waterlogged
Sitka Spruce - High rainfall for commercial, fast growing not suitable for south/east - Spruce Bark Beetle
Birch - Shallow root system compromised due to climate change
Evergreen Oak - Climate resiliant, lime stone soils, provides winter cover and wind break
Douglas Fir - Burghley famous for it, planting lots, high value, relatively disease resiliant
Scots Pine - Light, low fertility, dry soils, fast growing, frost hardy and wind firm but suffers from exposure
What is a decidious conifer and an evergreen broadleaf?
Larch
Evergreen Oak
What is a Yield Class?
An expression of mean annual maximum growth rate
DF/SS = high YC - low value but high yielding
Oak = low YC - high value but low yielding
What are the average standing timber prices in your area?
Site dependent
Firewood = £30-£60/t
Hardwood chip = £20-£30/t
Softwood chip = £15/20/t
What are the average roadside prices in your area?
Site dependent
Firewood = £110/£120/t
Hardwood chip = £30/£40/t
Softwood = £30-£35/t
£7 / Hoppus Foot / £195/t
What is the average cost for planting a tree?
£1.20 / £1.50 / unit
What is a Hoppus Foot?
A measurement based on a trees quater-girth and length used to esitimate the usable timber after squaring the log and accounting for waste. For sawmills / beam-quality
