Form 2 Block 1 - Created Aug 7

Question 1

onset of sxs in Giardia, Campylobacter, ETEC, Norovirus

Answer 1

1. Giardia - weeks after exposure
2. Campylobacter - within days
3. ETEC - within days
4. Norovirus - within hrs to days

Question 2

presentation of Giardia

Answer 2

loose, foul-smelling, fatty stools; abd. cramps, gas, belching, bloating, wt loss

Question 3

when thoracentesis should be done on pleural effusion

Answer 3

large (>25%), sxs, late-onset, R sided w/o HF

Question 4

compare 3 cranial hematomas in newborns

Answer 4

1. cephalohematoma - under periosteum, does NOT cross suture lines, firm/well-demarcated swelling; may see jaundice and calcification, h/o of vacuum/forceps
2. caput succedaneum - crosses suture lines, resolves within days of birth
3. subgaleal hemorrhage - rapidly expanding swelling; h/o vacuum

Question 5

compare conduct disorder and oppositional defiant disorder

Answer 5

conduct - violating major societal norms or rights of others, cruelty to other beings, criminal behavior with no remorse, violates rules, < 18yo; adulthood -> antisocial p.d.

ODD - angry/irritable mood and argumentative/defiant behavior toward authority figures, refuses to follow rules

Question 6

common side effect of intranasal steroid sprays

Answer 6

epistaxis

Question 7

independent versus dependent variables

Answer 7

dep - outcome or response; responds to the independent variable; ex. body wt and HgbA1c change when given IR versus ER med

indep - is being manipulated/controlled in a study to observe its effect on dep. variable(s); ex. IR versus ER medication in a study

Question 8

quantitative versus qualitative variables

Answer 8

quantitative - measured on a numeric scale; ex. fasting G

qualitative - represent groups or categories, referred to as levels; ex. blood types

Question 9

presentation of interstitial cystitis (aka bladder pain syndrome) (aka painful bladder syndrome)

Answer 9

bladder pain w/ filling and relief with voiding, increased urinary frequency/urgency, dyspareunia, urethral tenderness, occurring >6 wks

Question 10

workup and tx of interstitial cystitis (aka bladder pain syndrome) (aka painful bladder syndrome)

Answer 10

workup - U/A, post-void residual, STI screen

tx - bladder training, fluid mgt, pain meds, avoid triggers

Question 11

presentation of urethral diverticulum

Answer 11

urethral tenderness, urinary frequency, dyspareunia, tender ant. vaginal mass, purulent urethral d/c

Question 12

meds safe to treat heart failure in pregnant patient

Answer 12

loops, BBs, hydralazine, nitrates, digoxin (last resort)

Question 13

what to do when a difference or association is found to be statistically significant

Answer 13

reject the null hypothesis (null hypothesis proposes to nullify the existence of a difference or association btwn population parameters)

Question 14

progression of erythema infectiosum presentation

Answer 14

nonspecific prodrome (malaise, congestion, cough, fever) -> red rash on cheeks -> lacy, reticular rash over trunk and limbs, sparing palms/soles

Question 15

what to check in schizophrenia patient who has been having a few days of lethargy and delirium (possibly seizures too)

Answer 15

check sodium level; psychogenic polydipsia is common in this group; may hear voices to “cleanse with water” or to “drink a lot” for whatever reason or they’re compensating for med SEs;

Question 16

findings you may see in pediatric patient with celiac disease

Answer 16

FTT, short stature, delayed puberty or menarche, osteomalacia or rickets

Question 17

heart complication in baby with mom who has SLE

Answer 17

congenital complete heart block

Question 18

safe tx for SLE during pregnancy

Answer 18

hydroxychloroquine

Question 19

pneumomediastinum versus pneumomediastinum with pneumothorax

Answer 19

1. Both - pleuritic CP, SOB, cough
2. Pneumo - neck pain, voice changes, dysphagia; tachypnea and crepitus
3. Pneumo with Ptx - diminished chest excursion and absent breath sounds on affected side

Question 20

treatment of pneumomediastinum versus pneumomediastinum with pneumothorax

Answer 20

Pneumo - pain meds and oxygen

Pneumo with Ptx - chest tube

Question 21

common cohort for spontaneous pneumomediastinum

Answer 21

young males with h/o lung disease or respiratory infection or who use inhalational drugs

Question 22

tx options for stress incontinence

Answer 22

lifestyle modifications (lose wt, stop smoking, decr. caffeine and alcohol), pelvic floor exercises, pessary, urethral sling surgery

Question 23

tx options for urge incontinence

Answer 23

lifestyle modifications, bladder training, antimuscarinics

Question 24

tx options for overflow incontinence

Answer 24

intermittent cath, correct etiology

Question 25

when to suspect central hypothyroidism

Answer 25

mild hypothyroid sxs (tired, wt gain, lethargy, fatigue, muscle aches), other pituitary H deficiencies (ED, hypogonads), possible HA or vision issues; labs show low free T4 and low/N TSH

Question 26

what to do once central hypothyroidism suspected based on clinical features and labs

Answer 26

do MRI of pituitary

Question 27

strongest risk factors associated with more rapid CKD progression

Answer 27

uncontrolled HTN, hyperglycemia, and proteinuria

Question 28

what may happen with labs upon starting an ACE-i

Answer 28

mild increase in serum creatinine (up to a 30% increase)