Fossils Continued (1/31) Flashcards

1
Q

Georges Cuvier

A
  • Proved extinction by using comparative anatomy to show that some vertebrae animals had completely vanished
  • Advocated for Catastrophism
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2
Q

Catastrophism

A

The principle that events in the past occurred suddenly and by different mechanism than those occurring today; these catastrophes are separated by long periods of stability

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3
Q

Georges Cuvier’s Significance of Unconformities

A
  • believed that catastrophes were what explained unconformities and extinctions
  • thought that life progressively moved towards its “perfect” state with each catastrophe
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4
Q

Alcide d’Orbigny

A
  • believed that new species were being “created” in the wake of each catastrophe (extinction event)
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5
Q

3 Basic Rock Types

A
  1. ) Igneous
  2. ) Sedimentary
  3. ) Metamorphic
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6
Q

Igneous Rocks

A

made of interlocking crystals (crystalized magma)

fossils found here in sudden events with ash

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7
Q

Sedimentary Rocks

A

made of sediment and created by the erosion of preexisting rocks

fossils usually found here

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8
Q

Metamorphic

A

igneous or sedimentary rocks buried down then altered by heat and pressure over time

fossils found here in low grade

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9
Q

James Hutton

A

Father of modern geology

Plutonism, Uniformitarianism, Unconformities, Rock Cycle, Antiquity of Earth

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10
Q

Plutonism

A

Idea of Jame’s Hutton;

origin of igneous rock and mountains is molten magma forcibly intruded up in to the Earth’s crust due to subterranean heat

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11
Q

Uniformitarianism

A

Idea of James Hutton;

using present processes to understand the past in recorded rocks

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12
Q

Unconformities

A

Idea of James Hutton;

a surface erosion and/or non-deposition separating two rock bodies, represents missing times

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13
Q

Rock Cycle

A

Idea of James Hutton;

the Earth’s change is a cyclical cycle; the formation of new rocks balanced by destruction of old rocks

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14
Q

Earth’s Antiquity

A

Idea of James Hutton;

realized the temporal implications of the rock cycle

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15
Q

Principle of Inclusion

A

Idea of James Hutton;

any rock represented by eroded fragments that are included in another rock MUST be older than the enclosing rock

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16
Q

Cross-cutting Relations

A

Idea of James Hutton;

molten rock can intrude into older pre-existing rocks; molten rocks can enclose older pre-existing rock; relative timing (age) can be determined by these relations

17
Q

3 Types of Unconformities

A
  1. ) Angular
  2. ) Nonconformity
  3. ) Disconformity
18
Q

Nonconformity (type of Unconformity)

A

sedimentary deposited on top of another

19
Q

Disconformity

A

flatline sediments resting on other flatline rocks and visible erosion

20
Q

Charles Lyell

A

Ultra-Uniformaitarianist, wrote the “Principles of Geology”

  • believed that the present is the key to the past and that there is uniformity in nature
  • believed in the power of empiricism
  • idea of gradualism which was against the idea of catastrophism
21
Q

Harlen Bretz (Great Scablands Debate)

A

challenged the uniformitarianistic (Lyellian Gradualism) views of the geologic establishment with a controversial idea (Catastrophism in the 20th century)

22
Q

Modern Doctrine of Actualism

A

the only assumption that is made today is that the principles of nature have been uniform through time; modern geology is a combo of gradualism and catastrophism