Foundational Issues

Question 1

Prenatal Period

Answer 1

Conception to Birth

Question 2

Infancy

Answer 2

Birth to 2 years

Question 3

Toddlerhood

Answer 3

2-3 years

Question 4

Early Childhood

Answer 4

3-5 years

Question 5

Middle Childhood

Answer 5

6-12 years

Question 6

Adolescence

Answer 6

13-19 years

Question 7

Young Adulthood

Answer 7

19-30 years

Question 8

Middle adulthood

Answer 8

30-60 years

Question 9

Late adulthood

Answer 9

60-75 years

Question 10

Old age

Answer 10

75+ years

Question 11

Biological aging

Answer 11

how the body functions and changes over time

Question 12

Anabolism

Answer 12

body building to peak potential

Question 13

Catabolism

Answer 13

Body’s slow deterioration from peak through individual’s death

Question 14

Psychological Aging

Answer 14

One’s perception of personal age

Question 15

Social aging

Answer 15

How chronological age is viewed in societal or cultural context

Question 16

Nature vs. Nurture

Answer 16

Impact on human development of genetics/heredity vs. environmental influences

Question 17

Continuous Development

Answer 17

Small shifts or gradual, sequential changes that occur and are difficult to separate. E.g. Skinner’s operant conditioning.

Question 18

Discontinuous Development

Answer 18

changes in behaviors and abilities as qualitatively different from previous or subsequent behaviors and abilities. E.g. Piaget and Erikson theories

Question 19

Active Theories

Answer 19

Portray people as active in regulating or governing their behavior. E.g. Erikson

Question 20

Reactive Theories

Answer 20

People are passive and react to environmental stimuli to accommodate changes. E.g. Skinner’s operant conditioning

Question 21

Case Study

Answer 21

Collecting data on a developmental change from a single individual, or a single group of individuals experiencing similar developmental phenomenon

Question 22

Advantages of case study

Answer 22

in-depth analysis

Question 23

Disadvantages of case study

Answer 23

No systematic comparison possible and not automatically applicable to others

Question 24

Naturalistic study

Answer 24

conducted in natural settings, usually through observation and interview. Likened to qualitative research.

Question 25

Advantages of Naturalistic study

Answer 25

Rich, meaningful data

Question 26

Disadvantages of Naturalistic study

Answer 26

Observer effects

Question 27

Survey Research

Answer 27

Interviews or questionnaires. Sampling a large pool of participants to assess and understand their thoughts, feelings, perceptions.

Question 28

Advantages of survey research

Answer 28

Data about many individuals

Question 29

Disadvantages of survey research

Answer 29

Large sample sizes needed. Sampling bias can limit generalizability

Question 30

Correlational research design

Answer 30

study relationship between two variables that exist but are not experimentally manipulated

Question 31

Advantages of correlational research design

Answer 31

Describes strength and direction of relationship

Question 32

Disadvantages of correlational research design

Answer 32

Causality can't be determined

Question 33

Cross-sectional design studies

Answer 33

Simultaneously examine several groups from differening levels of development (e.g. 5-year olds, 10-year-olds, and 15-year-olds).

Question 34

Advantages of cross-sectional design studies

Answer 34

Less expensive and less than longitudinal studies

Question 35

Disadvantages of cross-sectional design studies

Answer 35

Diffusion of individual changes––changes might be due to "cohort effect"

Question 36

Longitudinal design studies

Answer 36

Examine and re-examine the same group (cohort) of individuals of a specific developmental level as they mature and age, usually over a time frame of at least 10 years

Question 37

Advantages of Longitudinal design studies

Answer 37

Display of development trends

Question 38

Disadvantages of Longitudinal design studies

Answer 38

more expensive in time and money

Question 39

Time-lag study

Answer 39

Sometimes called cohort sequential studies, involve replications of previous studies on a modern-day cohort using the same parameters as the previous study. a time-lag study of intelligence might compare a group of people who were 20 years old in 2005 with groups who were 20 years old in 2006, 2007, and 2008.

Question 40

Advantages of a Time-lag study

Answer 40

Allows intergenerational comparisons

Question 41

Disadvantages of Time-lag study

Answer 41

Cohort effect: An example of a cohort effect could be seen in an experiment in which participants use a computer to perform a cognitive task. The results might show that participants in their 20s did vastly better on the cognitive test that participants in their 60s.

Question 42

Aging involves growth and change in an organism over time and is categorized as

Answer 42

Biological, social, and psychological

Question 43

Diane is often mistaken for being 10 years younger than her actual age. She says that her youthful glow is from living a carefree life and lots of physical activity. What is NOT a true statement about biological aging?

Answer 43

Biological aging refers to people's perceptions of how old or young they feel.

Question 44

Part of biological aging, the term catabolism refers to

Answer 44

The body's decline to death from its peak

Question 45

Intelligence is accounted for mostly by a person's

Answer 45

Genetics

Question 46

Nature versus nurture has been a controversial topic in developmental psychology. Today, epigenetic theorists emphasize the importance of

Answer 46

the combination of nature and nurture