FOUNDATIONS OF FCKING BIOCHEM Flashcards

(67 cards)

1
Q

The study of the composition,
properties and interactions of
matter.

A

Chemistry

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2
Q

the science that
deals with the structure and
interactions of matter.

A

chemistry

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3
Q

anything that
occupies space and has
mass.

A

Matter

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4
Q

what are the 3 states of matter

A

solid, liquid, gas

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5
Q

________ are compact and have definite shape and volume such as our bones,
teeth and skin

A

solids

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6
Q

_________ like our blood plasma assume the shape of their container and
have definite volume.

A

liquids

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7
Q

________ do not have definite shape or volume. Examples are oxygen, carbon
dioxide and nitrogen.

A

gas

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8
Q

Living or non – living, all forms of matter
are composed of a limited number of
building blocks called ________

A

chemical elements

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9
Q

a pure substance
that cannot be broken down by chemical
reactions into a simpler substance. Some
examples of elements are Nitrogen (N),
Carbon (C), Oxygen (O), Gold (Au) and
Hydrogen (H).

A

chemical element

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10
Q

Our body is composed of how many different chemical
elements?

A

26

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11
Q

Oxygen, Carbon, Hydrogen and Nitrogen are
considered as major elements since they constitute
about ____% of our body mass

A

96%

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12
Q

About _____% of our body mass is composed of lesser
elements such as phosphorus, potassium, sulphur,
sodium, chlorine, magnesium and iron

A

3.6%

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13
Q

Trace elements may be present in tiny amounts,
which account for only _____% of our body mass, but
they serve important functions in the body. Trace
elements include Aluminium, Boron, Chromium,
Cobalt, Copper, Fluorine, Iodine, Manganese,
Molybdenum, Selenium, Silicon, Tin, Vanadium and
Zinc.

A

0.4%

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14
Q

A Russian chemist, who organised
chemical elements into chart,
called the periodic table, which we
still use today.

A

DMITRY MENDELEYEV

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15
Q

the smallest component of
matter, which retains all the characteristics
and chemical properties of an element.

A

atom

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16
Q

The central part of an atom, called the
_______ enclosed the protons and neutrons.

A

nucleus

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17
Q

This subatomic particle is contained in the
nucleus with a positive charge and
approximately one atomic mass unit (amu).

A

Protons

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18
Q

Just like protons, ______ are contained
in the nucleus with one atomic mass unit
(amu), but uncharged.

A

neutrons

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19
Q

are smaller than protons with
negative charge that surround the nucleus.
Its atomic mass is about 1/1800 amu, so they
do not contribute to the overall atomic mass
of an element

A

electrons

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20
Q

The electrons may not have a
significant contribution to the ______ of an
atom, but they contribute greatly to the
_____ of an atom.

A

mass, charge

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21
Q

this determines the atomic number of an element and is used in distinguishing an element from another

A

number of protons in the nucleus

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22
Q

the sum of the number of protons
and the number neutrons in the
nucleus.

A

mass number

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23
Q

atoms of an element with
the same number of protons but differ in
the number of neutrons.

A

Isotopes

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24
Q

isotopes that are unstable,
and thus, they emit energy or particles as they break down into a
more stable form.

A

Radioactive Isotopes or Radioisotopes

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25
These are very useful in medicine or science, such as carbon dating and X-ray machines.
Radioactive Isotopes or Radioisotopes
26
are atoms that gained or lost an electron. Atoms that lost an electron are positive charge (cations), whereas atoms that have gained an electron are negative charge (anions).
IONS
27
Two or more chemically bonded atoms. Example is O2 that is composed of two atoms of oxygen.
molecules
28
substance consists of atoms of two or more different elements.
compound
29
An attractive force that keeps atoms together, whether the electrons are donated, shared or stolen
CHEMICAL BOND
30
This bond is formed when there is an electrical attraction between two ions with opposite charges.
IONIC BOND
31
Positive ions that are formed by losing electrons are called _____, whereas _____ are negative ions that are formed by gaining electrons. For instance, Na and Cl to form NaCl (table salt)
cations, anions
32
Two atoms share their electrons. This type of chemical found is common in carbon – based organic molecules like DNA and proteins. It can also be found in inorganic molecules, such as water, oxygen and carbon dioxide.
COVALENT BOND
33
This bond is formed when two atoms of the same element or different elements share their electrons equally.
Nonpolar Covalent Bond
34
The electrons are not equally shared, so they are more attracted to one nucleus than the other. This is formed when highly electronegative atom shares unequal electrons with less electronegative atom.
Polar Covalent Bond
35
two types of covalent bond
- Nonpolar Covalent Bond - Polar Covalent Bond
36
Results from attraction of oppositely partial charged parts of molecules. This bond commonly occurs between water molecules and is also responsible for the zipping of the DNA double helix together.
HYDROGEN BOND
37
refers to all the chemical reactions that occur in the body.
Metabolism
38
the starting material and are usually written on the left side of the chemical equation.
Reactants
39
The results of the reaction and are usually written on the right side of the equation.
Products
40
occurs when energy is released then absorbed
Exergonic reaction
41
happens when energy is absorbed than it is released
endergonic reaction
42
“Synthesis” means what?
to put together
43
This reaction occurs when two or more atoms or molecules are joined together to form larger or complex molecules.
Synthesis Reactions – Anabolism
44
This reaction happens when two complex molecules are broken down into smaller atoms, ions, or molecules.
Decomposition Reactions – Catabolism
45
This reaction may consist of both synthesis and decomposition reactions
Exchange Reactions
46
In this chemical reaction, a product can revert or go back to being the original reactant
Reversible Reactions
47
usually lack carbon and have simple structures, so their molecules contain only a few atoms and cannot be utilised by the cells in complex biological functions.
INORGANIC COMPOUNDS
48
These substances are dissolved readily in water such as ions, sugar, and salt
HYDROPHILIC
49
include fats and oils since they are mostly composed of hydrogen and carbon, which form nonpolar bonds with each other.
HYDROPHOBIC
50
the study of organic compounds, containing carbon and made by living organisms.
ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
51
are chemical compounds that are composed of carbon and hydrogen.
Organic molecules
52
This chemical reaction is also known as “condensation reaction”, in which monomers are link together to form polymers while losing water.
DEHYDRATION SYNTHESIS
53
are single subunits, which serves as the building blocks of most macromolecules. When these are combined, they form large molecules known as polymers, and release water molecules as by products.
Monomers
54
These atoms are covalently attached to the carbon, which is considered as the basic structural component or the “backbone” of macromolecules.
FUNCTIONAL GROUPS
55
Thia group play a significant role in the formation of macromolecules such as proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, and nucleic acids.
FUNCTIONAL GROUPS
56
The fundamental component of biological macromolecules.
CARBON
57
These are organic molecules composed of entirely carbon and hydrogen e.g., Methane (CH4)
HYDROCARBONS
58
The study of the chemistry of biological organisms.
BIOCHEMISTRY
59
The study of the chemistry and different compounds and processes occurring in living organisms such as the structures and functions of biomolecules.
BIOCHEMISTRY
60
THREE PRINCIPAL AREAS OF BIOCHEMISTRY
1. STRUCTURAL 2. METABOLISM 3. CHEMISTRY OF PROCESSES AND SUBSTANCES
61
BRANCHES OF BIOCHEMISTRY
- ANIMAL AND PLANT BIOCHEMISTRY - COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY - MICROBIAL BIOCHEMISTRY - PATHOLOGICAL BIOCHEMISTRY
62
This branch of Biochemistry deals with all the chemical manifestations of metabolism of plants and animals.
ANIMAL AND PLANT BIOCHEMISTRY
63
This branch of Biochemistry deals the relationship between the different forms of life and how they evolved from their original structure.
COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY
64
This branch of Biochemistry deals with the metabolism of microorganisms such as bacteria.
MICROBIAL BIOCHEMISTRY
65
This branch of Biochemistry is concerned wit the abnormalities of metabolism found in diseases. Genetics has been receiving attention because abnormalities in metabolism are also inherited.
PATHOLOGICAL BIOCHEMISTRY
66
These are large molecules necessary for life, built from smaller organic molecules.
BIOMOLECULES/ BIOLOGICAL MACROMOLECULES
67
The four major classes of biomolecules
carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids.