foundations of quantitative research

Question 1

quantitative research based on the assumption of

Answer 1

post-positivism

Question 2

foundational concepts of quantitative research

Answer 2

1. sampling
2. variables
3. hypothesis testing
4. correlation and causation

Question 3

sampling

Answer 3

studying a sample of the pop to provide a quantitative description about that population

Question 4

population

Answer 4

total number of possible units or elements that could be included in a study

Question 5

sample

Answer 5

a subset of the population used to represent the population

Question 6

relationship between sample and population

Answer 6

theoretical population -> to whom do you want to generalize
-need to meet inclusion criteria

study population -> to what pop can you get access
-could be lots of ppl eligible

sampling frame -> how can you get access to them
-divided into sampling technique and recruitment strategie
-what type of sampling technique are you gonna use? ***
-how are you gonna recruit participants **

sample -> whos in your study

Question 7

best sampling technique

Answer 7

random sampling (random selection)
-randomly sampled from pop
-equal probability of any unit of the population being selected in the sample
-best way to get sample to rep pop
-hard todo

Question 8

stratified random sampling

Answer 8

• population is divided on a characteristic and then randomly sampled
  eg. how attitudes towards PA change throughout university
  50 in 1st year, 50 in 2nd year, 50 in 3rd and fourth years

Question 9

systematic sampling

Answer 9

eg. pick every 100th person

Question 10

purposive sampling

Answer 10

-selection on specific criteria
-information rich cases
-have a reason why you are selecting these cases
-typically used in qualitative research *
snowball sampling,
quota sampling, expert sampling
***read about different types , test q

Question 11

convenience sampling

Answer 11

selection based on easy access to participants
-non-probability sampling
eg. uni most sampled pop (easy to recruit)

Question 12

variables

Answer 12

variable : a property or characteristic that can take on different values
eg. multiple measures of intelligence, what criteria you use
constructs : shift over time to include different aspects

Question 13

independant variables

Answer 13

part of your experiment that you are manipulating
-cause of dv scores
-levels of the IV
-associated with experimental designs

Question 14

dependant variables

Answer 14

outcome variable
-“effect” of the independant variable
-measured by the researcher

Question 15

causal direction

Answer 15

arrow from knee support to knee pain

Question 16

predictor variable

Answer 16

-presumed “cause” in a correlational (non-experimental) study
-measured by the researcher
-like independant variable

Question 17

criterion variable

Answer 17

-the presumed “effect” in a correlational (non-experimental) study
-measured by the researcher
-like dependant variable

Question 18

extraneous variables

Answer 18

a variable that might effect the DV that is not the IV
-variable that explains the relationship between the IV and DV but it is not apart of the study
-alternative explanation for our findings
-dont want these in our study

Question 19

extraneous variables may arise from

Answer 19

1. participant variables : age, gender, sex, fitness
2. situational variables : temp of room, water avail, wind, time of day
3. experimenter variables : appearance and conduct of the researcher, encouragement

Question 20

controlling for extraneous variables

Answer 20

1. design of the study
   -setting, instructions, selection criteria, random assignment
   -held constant
2. statistical analysis
   -control variables (measure these variables and can control them)
   -requires you to measure the variable

other thing we can do is random assignment

Question 21

identifying IV

Answer 21

if all criteria similar for two tests but ones thing diff = independant variable

Question 22

moderators variables

Answer 22

variables that affect the strength of the relationship between IV/predictor and DV/criterion
-usually categorical in nature
-stable not easily manipulated
-can make relationship stronger or weaker

exercise -»»»» desire to eat
-age acting in between to influence relationship

Question 23

MEDIATORS (diff than moderator)

Answer 23

variables that explain the relationship between IV and DV
-accounts for the relationship between the IV/predictor and the DV/criterion
-helps to think of mediator as the mechanism between IV/predictor and DV/criterion
-“Why?’
-dont need to have mediator

exercise ——> desire to eat

exercise leads to metabolism that in tern effects the desire to eat

Question 24

identification of variables dependant on :

Answer 24

-your research question
-specific to the context of your study
eg. age
-can be predictor, control, or a moderator variable depending on the research question

Question 25

hypothesis testing

Answer 25

process of quantitative research is founded on the assumptions of hypothesis testing

Question 26

research hypothesis

Answer 26

a statement regarding an expected or predicted relationship between variables

Question 27

research hypothesis can come from

Answer 27

1. identifying a question or issue to be examined
2. review and evaluating relevant theories and research

Question 28

research hypotheses specificy (as precise as possible)

Answer 28

the nature and direction of the relationship between the variables
1. a related to B
->correlational design
2. a causes b
->experimental design

Question 29

correlational design directional and non directional hypoth

Answer 29

directional : there is a positive relationship bw time after ACL surgery to start rehab and time to return of sport
-direction of relationship

non d : there is a relationship bw time after ACL surg to start rehab and time to return of sport
-relationship

Question 30

experimental design directional and non directional hypothesis

Answer 30

directional : athletes using KT tape will experience less knee paun than athletes who use a knee brace
-state which group is scoring higher or lower on the outcome vrariable

non d : there will be a diff in knee pain bw athletess

Question 31

correlation

Answer 31

stregnth of the association bw variables
-direction of the relationship (positive or negative)
-correlations coefficients range (-1 to 1 ; o = no relationship)

Question 32

3 criteria to establish cause and effect

Answer 32

1. the cause (IV) must precede the effect (DV) in time
2. the cause (IV) and effect (DV) must be correlated with each other
3. the change seen in the effect (DV) cannot be explained by another variable

Question 33

type of purposive sampling - snowball sampling

Answer 33

identify one person with the characteristic of interest, and have that person connect with others in their own networks
eg. cancer patient ask the members of her survivor group at hospital to participate in study

Question 34

purposive sampling - quota sampling

Answer 34

identifying a certain number or representation needed for the study and then sampling up to that number
eg. needing 10 women to complete fitness test

Question 35

expert sampling

Answer 35

identifying people with known experience and expertise in an area of interest
eg. asking all heart surgeons from a hospital to complete a survey