FQ 4 (2) Flashcards
(17 cards)
What are the three stages of skill acquisition?
- Cognitive
- Associative
- Autonomous
Define the cognitive stage
At this stage athletes (learners) make errors which are frequent and often the errors are large. Subroutines need to be established to assist with the learning of whole skills. This stage requires high levels of concentration and thinking about how to execute the skill. Often, the athlete will know something is wrong, but not be sure of how to fix it, and express frustration.
Give 2 examples of cognitive skill acquisition
A beginner learning to serve in tennis – they may toss the ball too high or swing the racquet late. They’re thinking hard about each part of the motion and often make mistakes.
A student trying their first lay-up in basketball, needing to remember which leg to jump off and where to place the ball on the backboard.
Define the associative stage
At this stage athletes (learners) experience success with a decreasing number of errors. They require high levels of practice, and often spend the most amount of time at this stage. Most athletes will stay at the associative level of skill acquisition. An athlete at this stage understands the principles and mechanics of the movement/skill required and begins to learn
anticipation. They are also able to identify errors and, at times, correct themselves. A skill may, at times, be executed well but not to speed or distance required.
Give 2 examples of associative skill acquisition
A player in netball who can now perform a shoulder pass consistently during games but occasionally still misjudges distance under pressure.
A swimmer who has learned the freestyle stroke and is now working on improving breathing technique and stroke rhythm.
Define the autonomous stage
At this stage athletes (learners) make occasional errors, which can be identified by the athlete (learner) and at times adjusted mid-performance (e.g. diving). Their performance is characterised by looking automatic and consistent. Not all learners will reach this stage, with some learners reaching this stage for particular skills and not others. Less concentration on skill is required, and the athlete can focus more on strategy and tactics.
Give 2 examples of autonomous skill acquisition
An elite soccer player dribbling through defenders without needing to focus on foot placement, instead reading the game and planning their next move.
A professional cricketer effortlessly executing a cover drive in response to a fast delivery while adjusting to field placements.
List 5 characteristics of learners
- Personality
- Heredity
- Confidence
- Prior Experience
- Ability
Explain Personality
The characteristic way in which an individual behaves,
thinks and feels. There are personality traits which can contribute to performance in both positive (curious, confident, reliable, hard-working) and negative ways (impatient, emotional, over-confident).
Heredity can provide skill learning benefits, where genetic features are significant in the learning
process. The most common heredity factors that contribute to performance are:
-
-
-
- Race
- Muscle type
(fast- or slow-twitch muscle fibres) - Somatotype
(ectomorph, mesomorph and endomorph)
Fill in the blank:
An increase in _______ mean you are more likely to attempt new skills
Confidence builds _______ in the cognitive stage of skill acquisition.
Overconfidence can lead to over ______ and decrease _________, as well as the capacity to learn new skills or progress through skill acquisition.
It can also mean that athletes are less likely to perfect a skill and progress through to the _______ stage of skill development.
- Confidence
- Resilience
- Arousal
- Performance
- Autonomous
Define prior experience
The concept of athletes transferring skills or knowledge which they have previously learned to
a new concept (sport).
Lateral vs Vertical Transfer of experience
Lateral
The transfer of skills from one sport to another e.g. tackle in rugby league to rugby union.
Vertical
The transfer of skills from a lower order skill, a
progression of skills e.g. a push pass to a drive in
hockey.
Define Ability
The ease with which an athlete performs a skill, often referred to as natural ability. It is often a combination
of various characteristics (personality & heredity). Athletes with ability display a kinaesthetic sense, multi-limb coordination and perceptive sense.
Define Kinaesthetic Sense
An awareness of body position and muscle movement during performance.
Define Multi-limb Coordination
The capacity to structure movements that involve many body parts into a fluent and effective performance.
Define Perspective Sense
The capacity to receive and interpret information effectively, to enhance the quality of the response
