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Fractures Flashcards

1
Q

The most common skeletal abnormalities seen in general radiography

A

Fractures

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2
Q

Bone infection

A

Osteomyelitis

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3
Q

What is a bone fracture?

A

-disruption of bones normal structure
-crack, break rupture
-caused by mechanical forces directly to bone or along shaft

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4
Q

What are some secondary signs of underlying fractures (fracture that is thin, overlooked)

A

-inflammation
-pain
-loss of function
-obvious deformity
-bruising
-bleeding

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5
Q

What are fractures described and classified by?

A

-their extent
-direction
-position
-# of fracture lines
-integrity of overlying skin

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6
Q

A fracturing which the bone penetrates through skin
-open to air

A

Open fracture/compound fracture

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7
Q

Fracture with intact overlying skin

A

Closed fracutre

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8
Q

Complete cortical circumference involved
Fragments are completely separated

A

Complete fracture

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9
Q

Not fractured all the way through
“Only one cortex” involved

A

Incomplete

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10
Q

What is an example of an incomplete fracture?

A

Green stick

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11
Q

Fracture that involves the articular surface

A

Intra-articular fracutre

Ex. Distal end of radius

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12
Q

A severe injury in which both fracture and dislocation take place simultaneously

A

Fracture-dislocation

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13
Q

Fracture runs at a right angle to the long axis of the bone

A

Transverse

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14
Q

Runs 45 degrees to the long axis of the bone
Usually from twisting

A

Oblique fracture

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15
Q

Encircles the shaft of the bone
-Longer than oblique fracture
-caused by torsion forces

A

Spiral fracture

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16
Q

Fracture runs parallel to the long axis of a bone

A

Linear fracture
Also called “fissured fracture”

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17
Q

Fracture follows the long axis of the bone
-more irregular in shape than a linear fracture

A

Longitudinal fracture

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18
Q

Bone broken in 2+ places
Fracture lines do not connect

A

Segmental fracture

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19
Q

Broken, splintered or crushed into more than 2 pieces

A

Comminuted fracture

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20
Q

Happens when force exerted on tendon or ligament tears away chunk of bone

A

Avulsion fracture

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21
Q

Extent to which fractured fragments are not anatomically aligned
*in an angular fashion

A

Angulation

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22
Q

If the patients foot is pointing laterally, and the greater trochanter is not in profile, but seen perpendicular to the IR, what might this indicate?

A

Broken hip

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23
Q

Apex medial

A

Valgus angulation

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24
Q

Apex lateral

A

Varus angulation

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25
When the plane of cleavage exists in the bone without angulation
Undisplaced
26
Separation of bone fragments Direction of displacement describes the realtionship of distal to proximal fragment
Displaced
27
Extent to which fragments are rotated relative to eachother
Rotation
28
Displacement of a bone that is no longer in contact with the normal articulation
Dislocation
29
Partial loss of continuity of normal joint surfaces
Subluxation
30
What are some other signs of fractures?
-periosteal reaction -callus/osteoclerosis -fat pads (form “sail sign”, triangle)
31
Fracture through a growth plate; unique to pediatric patients
Salter-Harris fractures
32
A burst fracture of the ring of C1 -bursting the ring in 4 places -normally sustained by axial loading
Jefferson’s fracture
33
Avulsion fracture of the tuberosity of the 5th MT -inversion injury
Jones fracture
34
Oblique intra-articular metacarpal fracture dislocation -caused by axial force directed against the partially flexed metacarpal *punching hard surface
Bennett fracture
35
Fracture of the distal radius with dorsal (posterior) displacement -also called dinner fork/bayonet *FOOSH injury
Colles fracture
36
FOOSH
Fall on outstretched hand
37
Fracture of the distal end of the radius with anterior (ventral) displacement Caused by direct blow or a fall with a flexed wrist
Smiths fracture **opposite of colles fracture
38
Fracture of the proximal third of the ulnar with dislocation of the radial head FOOSH with the forearm in excessive pronation
Monteggia fracture
39
A fracture of the shaft of the radius and a dorsal (posterior) dislocation of the ulnar at the wrist
Galeazzi fracture
40
Monteggia vs. Galeazzi GRIMUS
G - Galeazzi R - radius I - inferior (distal) M - Monteggia U - unla S - superior (proximal)
41
Complex fractures of the midrange
Le Fort fractures
42
Horizontal magically fracture, separating the teeth from the upper face
Le Fort type 1
43
Pyramidal fracture, with the teeth at the pyramid base, and nasofrontal suture at its apex
Le Fort type 2
44
Craniofacial disjunction
Le Fort type 3
45
Break of the neck or shaft of the metacarpal, usually 4/5 Due to Axial loading
Boxers fracture
46
Also known as a stress fracture or fatigue fracture of the metatarsals most commonly the second and third *named after soldiers marching Caused by prolonged stress and weight bearing
March fracture
47
A fracture of both pars interarticularis or pedicles of C2 (axis) Usually goes right through the spinal cord causing quick death *now caused by falls or MVA
Hangman’s fracture
48
Avulsion fracture of the spinous process in the lower cervical or upper thoracic spine
Clay shovelers fracutre
49
Orbital floor fracture, or “blowout” fracture MOI is blow to the eye
Blow out fracture *xray is done erect to see fluid levels (bleeding into sinuses)
50
An injury occurring at a site opposite to the point of impact Seen commonly in skull, pelvis, and mandible
Contrecoup fracture *french for backlash
51
Skull - a small object + great force = comminuted fracture with the fragment driven inward Knee - lateral femoral condyle (hard) impacts lateral tibia (soft) and pushes the cortical surface into underlying bone
Depressed fracture
52
Microscopic fractures that occur from repetitive microtrauma Not often seen on xray *best images with nuclear medicine
Stress/fatigue fracture
53
From compression force, compaction of bone trabeculae, result in shortening of length or width, mostly seen in the spine
Compression fracture *ballon can be inserted to uncompressed the vertebrae
54
One broken end of the bone gets wedged into the other broken edge
Impacted fracture
55
Also called buckle fracture One side of the bone may buckle upon itself without disrupting the other side of the bone; also known as incomplete fracture
Torus fracture *children often sustain this by FOOSH
56
Occurs when a bone breaks in an area that is weakened by other disease Can be caused by: tumors, infection, bone disorders
Pathological fractures
57
Dislocation of the radial head Caused by: pulling children’s arms…
Nursemaid dislocation
58
Fracture of the the radial head with or without displacement Most common cause is breaking a fall on outstretched arm
Radial head fracture
59
Hip fracture: an intertrochanteric hip fracture occurs between the greater and lesser trochanter
Intertrochanteric fracture
60
Fractured involving both medial and lateral malleoli Fracture of distal tib and fib
Bimalleolar fracture Also known as Potts fracture With outwards displacement of the foot - dislocstion
61
Involves lateral, medial malleolus and distal posterior tibia Associated with ligament injuries
Trimalleolar fracture *often needs surgery screws (ORIF)
62
Happens above condoles of elbow “supracondylar” Commonly caused by FOOSH *usually send in children 5-15
Supracondylar fracutre
63
Periaeticular injuries of the proximal tibia frequently associated with soft tissue injuries -high energy trauma in young patients -low energy falls in old patients
Tibial plateau fracture *60% of tibial plateau fractures involve lateral plateau
64
Fractures of : Zygomatic arch Inferior orbital rim ant/post maxillary sinus walls Lateral orbital rim *displaces zygoma
Tripod fracture
65
Manipulation of the affected body part without surgical incision Also refers to percutaneous pining
CRPP closed reduction, percutaneous pinning
66
Surgical procedures Insertion of devices to maintain the reduction
ORIF open reduction, internal fixation
67
Metal plates, screws, wires, rods, nails to maintain reduction
Internal fixation
68
Use of splints, external reduction devices, casts
External fixation

Pathology 1 (17 decks)

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