fractures of the thoracic limb

Question 1

what is needed to produce scapular fractures?

Answer 1

substantial trauma

Question 2

what do 56%-70% of scapular fractures have?

Answer 2

concurrent injuries

Question 3

how are scapular fractures classified?

Answer 3

anatomic location, articular surface involvement, stability

Question 4

how are minimally displaced scapular body and spine fractures treated

Answer 4

conservative tx (velpeau sling)

Question 5

how are unstable extra-articular and intra-articular scapular fractures treated

Answer 5

surgical stabilization

Question 6

why may proprioception appear abnormal when diagnosing scapular fractures

Answer 6

reluctance to move due to pain

Question 7

why is it necessary to perform a thoracic PE with scapular fx?

Answer 7

r/o rib fx, pulmonary contusion, pneumothorax, DHE

Question 8

it is important to evaluate concurrent nerve damage with scapular fractures to rule out:

Answer 8

brachial plexus, suprascapular nerve, or spinal cord trauma

Question 9

how are closed, minimally displaced scapular body and spine fractures repaired?

Answer 9

velpaeu sling

Question 10

FAS for orthopedic wires used for scapular fracture repair

Answer 10

high FAS

Question 11

FAS for plates and screws for scapular fracture repair

Answer 11

low FAS

Question 12

FAS for lag screw for scapular fracture repair

Answer 12

low FAS

Question 13

how is this being repaired

Answer 13

orthopedic wire - high FAS

Question 14

how is this scapular neck fracture being repaired

Answer 14

crossed K wires - high FAS

Question 15

how is this scapular neck fracture being repaired

Answer 15

angle plates - medium to low FAS

Question 16

how is this scapular neck fracture being repaired

Answer 16

lag screw and veterinary cuttable plate - low FAS

Question 17

what is important to assess with humeral fractures

Answer 17

assess radial nerve damage - pinch dorsum of paw

Question 18

why do we radiograph the contralateral limb when diagnosing humeral fractures?

Answer 18

assess normal bone length and shape, contour bone plate before sx, select appropriate implant size

Question 19

which radiograph view of the intact contralateral humerus is essential for accurate plate contouring?

Answer 19

craniocaudal radiograph

Question 20

describe the use of casts or splints for medical management of humeral fractures

Answer 20

contraindicated - can’t stabilize scapulohumoral joint

Question 21

how can humeral fractures be managed preoperatively

Answer 21

place spica splint

Question 22

how is this simple humeral diaphyseal fracture repaied

Answer 22

IM pin and cerclage wire in the medial epicondyle

Question 23

how is this simple humeral diaphyseal fracture repaired

Answer 23

interlocking nail in medial epicondyle

Question 24

how is this simple humeral diaphyseal fracture repaired

Answer 24

ESF modified type Ia with IM pin tie-in in the medial epicondyle

Question 25

how is this comminuted diaphyseal fracture repaired

Answer 25

modified type Ib with IM pin in the medial condyle

Question 26

how are transverse diaphyseal humeral fractures repaired

Answer 26

bone plates and screws

Question 27

how is this comminuted humeral diaphyseal fracture repaired

Answer 27

plate-rod (plate-pin) reduced cyclic bending

Question 28

how are these transverse or short oblique humeral diaphyseal fractures repaired

Answer 28

compression plate, esf plus IM pin or interlocking nail - low FAS

Question 29

how are these transverse or short oblique humeral diaphyseal fractures repaired

Answer 29

interlocking nail or ESF with IM pin - mod FAS

Question 30

how are these transverse or short oblique humeral diaphyseal fractures repaired

Answer 30

ESF with IM Pin - high FAS

Question 31

how are these long oblique humeral diaphyseal fractures repaired

Answer 31

neutralization plate, interlocking nail - low FAS

Question 32

how are these long oblique humeral diaphyseal fractures repaired

Answer 32

two pin ESF with IM pin and cerclage wire - mod FAS

Question 33

how are these long oblique humeral diaphyseal fractures repaired

Answer 33

IM pin with cerclage wire - High FAS

Question 34

how are these supracondylar fractures repaired

Answer 34

two plates or plate rod - low FAS

Question 35

how are these supracondylar fractures repaired

Answer 35

compression plate or 2 pin ES plus IM pin - mod FAS

Question 36

how are salter type I fractures repaired

Answer 36

2 k wires

Question 37

how are salter type II fractures repaired

Answer 37

multiple k wires or small steinmann pins

Question 38

what tx is indicated for type IV salter harris fractures - t-y fractures

Answer 38

surgical treatment

Question 39

which breed is predisposed to IOHC

Answer 39

spaniels

Question 40

how are T-Y fractures stabilized

Answer 40

lag screw across fracture, IM pin through medial condyle, plate on lateral side

Question 41

what is the difference with a radial-ulnar fracture vs a humeral or scapular fracture

Answer 41

greater chance of open fracutre

Question 42

who is most predisposed to distal R-U fractures

Answer 42

toy breed dogs - minimal trauma after jump or fall

Question 43

what is important to differentiate R-U fractures from?

Answer 43

differentiate between trauma or underlying pathology

Question 44

can r-u fractures be splinted

Answer 44

yes - immobilize carpus and elbow

Question 45

when are splints and casts for r-u fractures contraindicated

Answer 45

mini and toy breed dogs

Question 46

why are splints contraindicated in mini and toy dogs with r-u fractures

Answer 46

high incidence of non-union, limited soft tissue, biomechanical instability, poor blood supply

Question 47

how are r-u fractures preoperatively managed

Answer 47

always put temporary bandage/splint on r-u fractures

Question 48

how are open reductions of r-u fractures stabilized

Answer 48

stabilized with internal fixation or ESF

Question 49

how are closed reductions of r-u fractures stabilized

Answer 49

severely comminuted fractures with ESF

Question 50

why is IM Pinning and interlocking nail contraindicated in the radius

Answer 50

narrow medullary canal, invasion of carpal joint to place pin

Question 51

how can the ulna be stabilized for an r-u fracture

Answer 51

im pin, plates, esf

Question 52

what are indications for stabilizing the ulna with r-u fractures

Answer 52

added support to comminuted radial fracture, large dog, athletic performance desired

Question 53

how are these simple r-u fractures repaired

Answer 53

type Ia and Ib ESF for high to mod FAS

Question 54

how are comminuted r-u fractures repaired

Answer 54

A: maximal type II ESF B: minimal type II ESF

Question 55

how are transverse fractures of the radial diaphysis stabilized

Answer 55

compression plate

Question 56

how are communited nonreducible radial fractures stabilized

Answer 56

bridged with plate and ulna with IM Pin

Question 57

how are transverse or short oblique fractures of the radius stabilized with low to mod FAS

Answer 57

bone plate and screws

Question 58

how are transverse or short oblique radial fractures stabilized with mod fas

Answer 58

ESF

Question 59

how are transverse radial fractures stabilized with high FAS

Answer 59

ESF or cast

Question 60

how are long oblique or reducible comminuted fractures of the radius stabilized

Answer 60

neutralization plate - low FAS

Question 61

how are long oblique or reducible comminuted fractures of the radius stabilized

Answer 61

type ii or type ib esf with cerclage wire - mod fas

Question 62

how are long oblique or reducible comminuted fractures of the radius stabilized

Answer 62

type Ia esf with cerclage wire - high fas

Question 63

how are ulnar fractures of the olecranon treated

Answer 63

pin and tension band wire

Question 64

how are simple fractures of the ulna treated

Answer 64

plate and screws - tension band plate

Question 65

how are severely comminuted fractures of the ulna treated

Answer 65

bridge plating - buttress plate

Question 66

how are styloid process fractures treated

Answer 66

pin and tension band wire - high to mod fas

Question 67

how are intraarticular fractures of the ulna treated

Answer 67

lag screws with k wire - mod to low fas

Question 68

how are radial physeal fractures treated

Answer 68

k wires (cross pins) or cast (nondisplaced)

Question 69

what does premature closure of the distal ulnar physis casue

Answer 69

shortening, cranial bowing, external rotation, valgus

Question 70

what does distal or proximal radial physis premature closure cause

Answer 70

shortening or radius, subluxation or radial humeral joint

Question 71

what does partial closure of the distal radial physis cause

Answer 71

angular limb deformity of the radius