Framework of the Human Body

Question 1

what is Physiology?

Answer 1

The study of how living things function

Question 2

What are the two concepts physiologists are interested in with regards to studying living things?

Answer 2

• How individual parts function at various levels of organisation
• How integration of individual parts affects the entire organism

Question 3

How many types of specialised cells are there in the body?

Answer 3

200

Question 4

What are the 3 types of muscle cell?

Answer 4

• Skeletal
• Cardiac
• Smooth

Question 5

What is skeletal muscle?

Answer 5

Attached to bone or skin and under voluntary control

Question 6

What is cardiac muscle?

Answer 6

found only in heart, involuntary control

Question 7

what is smooth muscle?

Answer 7

surrounds many ‘tubes’ and vessels in the body. involuntary control

Question 8

What different things can neurones synapse with?

Answer 8

• Other neurones
• Muscles
• Glands

Question 9

What occurs when neurones synapsing with a gland are stimulated?

Answer 9

-Causes secretion of a hormone

Question 10

What occurs when neurones synapsing with muscle are stimulated?

Answer 10

-Causes muscle contraction

Question 11

What occurs when neurones synapsing with other neurones are stimulated?

Answer 11

Propagation of the action potential

Question 12

What is a collection of neurones?

Answer 12

Nervous Tissue

Question 13

What is nervous tissue + connective tissue?

Answer 13

A nerve

Question 14

What are the 4 types of epithelial cells?

Answer 14

• Cuboidal
• Columnar
• Squamous
• Ciliated

Question 15

What are the two key membranes of epithelial cells?

Answer 15

• Basolateral

- Apical

Question 16

What is the basolateral membrane of an epithelial cell?

Answer 16

The membrane closest to the basement membrane

Question 17

What is the apical membrane of an epithelial cell?

Answer 17

The membrane closest to the lumen

Question 18

What are 2 key features of barriers made by epithelial cells?

Answer 18

• Apical and Basolateral Membrane may have different functions
• Tight junctions can be formed between the cells

Question 19

What are the 5 types of connective tissue?

Answer 19

• Loose Connective
• Dense Connective
• Bone and Cartilage
• Adipose
• Blood

Question 20

What is the immediate environment that surrounds all cells in the body?

Answer 20

Extracellular Fluid + Extracellular Matrix (ECM)

Question 21

What does the ECM consist of

Answer 21

Proteins, Polysaccharides and sometimes minerals

Question 22

What are the two general functions of the ECM?

Answer 22

Provides scaffold for cellular attachment

It transmits information to cells to regulate activity (e.g. migration, growth and differentiation)

Question 23

What are the two protein fibers of the ECM?

Answer 23

Collagen and Elastin

Question 24

What is an organ?

Answer 24

An Organ is something composed of f more than two types of the four tissues

Question 25

What are the different levels of organisation in the body?

Answer 25

- Cells - Tissues - Functioning units of organs - Organs - Organ systems

Question 26

What is the fluid in the blood and surrounding cells?

Answer 26

Extracellular Fluid

Question 27

What proportion of extracellular fluid is in the blood plasma?

Answer 27

20-25%

Question 28

What is the extracellular fluid not found in the blood called?

Answer 28

Interstitial fluid

Question 29

Where is interstitial fluid found?

Answer 29

the interstitium

Question 30

explain the chain of different environments that 'condition' eachother through substance exchange

Answer 30

ICF is conditioned by ISF which is conditioned by plasma which is conditioned by the organs it passes through

Question 31

What is homeostasis?

Answer 31

A state of reasonably stable balance between physiological variables. A balance of inputs and outputs

Question 32

what is the concept in homeostasis that describes how variables fluctuate with respect to time within a predictable range?

Answer 32

Dynamic constancy

Question 33

What is the term used to decribe situations where alterations to homeostasis outside the normal range occur?

Answer 33

Pathophysiology

Question 34

What is negative feedback?

Answer 34

A mechanism where a variance in a variable from a set homeostatic point causes a response which brings the variable back to the set point

Question 35

what is positive feedback?

Answer 35

A mechanism where a variance in a variable from a set homeostatic point causes a response which accelerates the rate/magnitude of that variance