Nervous System

Question 1

what are the two major divisions of the nervous system?

Answer 1

Central and Peripheral Nervous System

Question 2

What is myelin made from in the brain and spinal cord?

Answer 2

Oligodendrocytes

Question 3

What is the name of the pathway that goes towards the CNS?

Answer 3

Afferent

Question 4

What is the name of the pathway that goes away from the CNS, to effectors?

Answer 4

Efferent

Question 5

what are glial cells?

Answer 5

cells which surround the soma, axon and dendrites, providing physical and metabolic support

Question 6

What are different types of glial cells?

Answer 6

• Astrocytes
• Microglial cells
• Ependymal cells

Question 7

What are Astrocytes?

Answer 7

Cells that regulate extracellular fluid by removing potassium and neurotransmitters

Question 8

What is myelin made by in the PNS?

Answer 8

Schwann cells

Question 9

What are microglial cells?

Answer 9

Specialised macrophage like cells

Question 10

What are Ependymal cells?

Answer 10

Regulate the flow of cerebrospinal fluid in fluid filled cavities

Question 11

What is the name of a group of axons which link the right and left halves of the CNS

Answer 11

A commissure

Question 12

What are the cell bodies of neurons with similar functions in the PNS called?

Answer 12

Ganglia

Question 13

What are the cell bodies of neurons with similar functions in the CNS called?

Answer 13

Nuclei

Question 14

What are the 4 regions of the CNS in the brain?

Answer 14

Cerebrum, diencephalon, brainstem and cerebellum

Question 15

What is gray matter composed of?

Answer 15

• Interneurons
• Cell bodies and dendrites of efferent neurons
• Axons of afferent neurones
• glial cells

Question 16

From what side of the spinal cord do afferent fibres enter the spinal cord?

Answer 16

Dorsal side

Question 17

On what side of the spinal cord do efferent neurons leave the spinal cord?

Answer 17

Ventral side

Question 18

How many pairs of nerves does the PNS have?

Answer 18

43

Question 19

What are the 43 pairs of nerves in the PNS broken down into?

Answer 19

12 pairs of cranial nerves

31 pairs that connect with the spinal cord as spinal nerves

Question 20

What are the 31 spinal nerves of the PNS broken down into?

Answer 20

• 8 Cervical
• 12 Thoracic
• 5 Lumbar
• 5 Sacral
• 1 Coccygeal

Question 21

What is the efferent division of the PNS divided into?

Answer 21

Somatic and Autonomic branches

Question 22

What is the autonomic nervous system responsible for?

Answer 22

Innervation of tissues other than skeletal muscle, like smooth or cardiac muscle

Question 23

Explain how the autonomic nervous system pathway is made of 2 neurons instead of 1.

Answer 23

Preganglionic Neuron synapses with Autonomic Ganglion, which synapses with postganglionic neuron

Question 24

What is the autonomic nervous system divided into?

Answer 24

Sympathetic and Parasympathetic

Question 25

Which neurotransmitter is released between the post-ganglionic neuron and the effector cell in the parasympathetic pathway?

Answer 25

Acetylcholine

Question 26

Which neurotransmitter is released between the post-ganglionic neuron and the effector cell in the sympathetic pathway?

Answer 26

Norepinephrine

Question 27

What is a short phrase used to summarise the type of responses controlled by the sympathetic nervous system?

Answer 27

Fight or Flight Response

Question 28

What is a short phrase used to summarise the type of responses controlled by the parasympathetic nervous system?

Answer 28

Rest or Digest (Mostly Homeostatic responses)

Question 29

What is the difference in distribution of charged particles either side of a membrane referred to as?

Answer 29

Electrochemical gradient

Question 30

What is the term used to describe the movement of electrical charge?

Answer 30

Current

Question 31

What is the resting membrane potential of a cell?

Answer 31

-70mV

Question 32

What difference is there between graded and action potentials in terms of the distance they can signal/

Answer 32

``` AP = long GP = short ```

Question 33

What is the magnitude of change of membrane potential in an action potential?

Answer 33

100mV, from -70 to +30

Question 34

What is the main difference between an action potential and a graded potential?

Answer 34

Graded potentials vary in magnitude and only signal over short distances. Action potentials are 'all or nothing' and signal over long distance

Question 35

if a synapse is a gap junction what kind of synapse is it?

Answer 35

Eletrical Synapse

Question 36

If a synapse is a synaptic cleft, what kind of synapse is it?

Answer 36

Chemical synapse

Question 37

How does release of neurotransmitter work in synapses?

Answer 37

Neurotransmitter stored in vesicles are released into the synaptic cleft from active zones due to influx of calcium ions

Question 38

What are the two kinds of post synaptic potential that Chemical synapses can generate?

Answer 38

excitatory and inhibitory

Question 39

What are the two types of synaptic summation?

Answer 39

Temporal and Spatial

Question 40

What is temporal summation?

Answer 40

Summation of potentials from the same axon that come shortly after one another which results in depolarisation past the AP threshold

Question 41

What is spatial summation?

Answer 41

Summation of potentials from 2 or more axons that collectively result in depolarisation past the AP threshold