Freud - Individual differences area

Question 1

What did Freud believe was going on with Little Hans?

Answer 1

Freud believed that this was because things were going on in Hans’ unconscious mind of which he was unaware

Question 2

How was little Hans referred to Freud?

Answer 2

• By his father

- A keen supporter of Freud’s work

Question 3

How did Freud help Hans?

Answer 3

• Interpreting his behaviour
• Telling him why he was thinking and behaving as he was
• This was known as psychoanalysis

Question 4

Why did Freud document the case of Little Hans?

Answer 4

To show his fears, dreams and fantasises were symbolic of his unconscious passing through the phallic stage of psychosexual development

Question 5

What did Freud use the study to support?

Answer 5

• His ideas about the origins of phobia
• His theory of infantile sexuality
• Oedipux complex
• His belief in the effectiveness of psychoanalytic therapy

Question 6

What were the two theories?-

Answer 6

• Theory of infantile sexuality

- Theory of Psychosexual Development

Question 7

According to Freud’s theory, what does he believe about sexuality?

Answer 7

• Sexuality isn’t confined to physically mature adults
• It is evident from birth
• Different parts of the body are particularly sensitive at different time during childhood

Question 8

How does this study link to the nature debate?

Answer 8

The sequence of the psychosexual stages is determined by maturation

Question 9

How does this study link to the nurture debate?

Answer 9

How the child is treated by other/Phobias

Question 10

What were the 5 stages of psychosexual development?

Answer 10

• Orage stage: 0 - 1
• Anal stage: 1 - 3
• Phallic stage: 3 - 5/6
• Latency stage: 5/6 - puberty
• Genital stage: puberty - maturity

Question 11

When does the oedipus complex (boys) and the electra complex girls) form part of?

Answer 11

Phallic stage

Question 12

What was the aim of the study?

Answer 12

• During the period when Hans’ father was recording observations, Hans developed an intense phobia of horses
• This provided Freud an opportunity to test his explanation of how pohobias develop
• He could use his method of treatment (psychoanalysis) and demonstrate its usefulness

Question 13

What was the research method

Answer 13

• Case study

- Case study gathered detailed qual data on one individual - Hans- in relation to his fantasies, fears and phobias

Question 14

What was this - Longitudinal or Snapshot

Answer 14

• Longitudinal

- Hans fears from when he was three yrs old until he was 5

Question 15

Elements of a longitudinal study- Shows a development of behaviour

Answer 15

• Shows a development of behaviour
• Observations + conversations
• No set data/script
• Collects rich data over time

Question 16

What did the longitudinal study allow Freud to link this studies evidence to?

Answer 16

Theory of psychosexual development

Question 17

How was data gathered?

Answer 17

Gathered by Little Hans’ father regularly observing and questioning Hans

Question 18

How did Freud receive and interpret the data?

Answer 18

• Hans’ father sent record of the events and conversation to Freud
• Freud interpreted the information and replied to Little Hans’ father with adivce on how to proceed

Question 19

List 4 bullet points about the study’s sample

Answer 19

• Little Hans
• 5 yrs old at the time of the study
• Historical evidence started from when Little Hans was three
• Evidence was used by Freud to support his theory of psychosexual development

Question 20

What sampling technique was used?

Answer 20

Opportuity sampling

Question 21

Just before Hans was three, what did he show an interest in?

Answer 21

• His ‘widdler’

- The presence/absense of this organ in others - human and non-human

Question 22

At this time, he tended to M - what did this result in?

Answer 22

• Threats from his mother to send for Dr. A to cut it off

- Castration anxiety

Question 23

When Hans was 3.5 what happened?

Answer 23

Gained a new baby sister, Hanna

Question 24

Why did Hans resent Hanna?

Answer 24

She was getting more attention

Question 25

What did Hans subconsciously wish?

Answer 25

Wished for his mother to drop Hanna i the bath so she would drown

Question 26

Why was Hans then afraid of baths?

Answer 26

• Displacement defence mechanism

- Indirect fear

Question 27

Give two reasons why Hans developed a fear of being bitten by white horses

Answer 27

1) Overhearing a father say to a child, ‘Don’t put your finger to the white horse or it will bite you’
2) Seeing a horse that was pulling a carriage fall and kick about with its legs

Question 28

What was Hans’ fears then generalised to?

Answer 28

Carts and buses

Question 29

Both before and after the development of his phobias (Baths and horses) what was Hans anxious about?

Answer 29

Anxious about his mother going away

Question 30

What fantasies and daydreams did he have?

Answer 30

• Giraffe fantasy
• Two plumber fantasies
• Parenting fantasy

Question 31

After receiving help from his father and Freud, after what fantasy did both the illnesses and analysis come to an end?

Answer 31

Parenting fantasy

Question 32

What did Little Hans’ fear of horses represent?

Answer 32

• Subconscious (displaced) fear of his father
• Dark around mouth of a horse + blinkers resembled fathers moustache and glasses
• Fearful of father because he was experiencing the Oedipus complex

Question 33

What did his fascinations with his ‘widdler’ represent?

Answer 33

Experiencing of the Oedipus complex

Question 34

What did the Giraffe daydream/fantasy represent?

Answer 34

• Representation of him tryig to take his mother away from his father so he could have her to himself
• Another feature of the Oedipus complex

Question 35

What did Hans’ fantasy of becoming a father represent?

Answer 35

Experiencing of the Oedipus complex

Question 36

What did the plumber fantasies represent?

Answer 36

Hans now identifying with his father

Question 37

What was the final family fantasy interpreted as?

Answer 37

The resolution of the Oedipus complex

Question 38

What did the study of Hans provide support for?

Answer 38

• Theory of psychosexual development / infant sexuality
• Suggestion that boys in the phallic stage of PsychosexualD experience the OC
• The nature of phobias and his theory that they are the product of unconscious anxiety displaced onto harmless external objects
• Concept of unconscious determinism - people not consciously aware of the causes of their behaviour
• Psychoanalytic therapy - discussion and resolution