Frozen Planet

Question 1

What is a cold environment?

Answer 1

Areas of land permanently covered by ice. They are covered by glaciers, ice sheets and have frozen soil/rock. The temperature is constantly below freezing.

Question 2

Where are cold environments found globally - latitude?

Answer 2

The further away from the equator the colder the temperature as the earth is curved. This is latitude. Sun has to pass a greater distance to reach earth from north and south poles so energy is lost. Also snow reflects the sun.

Question 3

Where are cold environments found globally - altitude?

Answer 3

Higher altitude have colder temperatures (temp reduces 1 degree every 100 metres). Sun heats land, land heats air above it and less pressure means less heat.

Question 4

Where are cold environments found globally - continentality?

Answer 4

Sea takes a longer time to heat up compared to land but the sea retains heat longer. Places in the middle of continents will be colder in winter and warmer in summer.

Question 5

What is a glacier?

Answer 5

A glacier is a huge mass of ice that moves slowly over land. It forms when there is a build up of snow and can be found at altitude or sea level. They are known as rivers of ice.

Question 6

What does a glacier deposit as it moves down the hill?

Answer 6

Ice, meltwater and sediment

Question 7

What are the two zones of a glacier? Why do glaciers grow and shrink?

Answer 7

Accumulation zone and Ablation zone.

Question 8

What is an accumulation zone?

Answer 8

inputs (fresh snow and ice)into the glacial budget.

Question 9

What is the ablation zone?

Answer 9

Meltwater and calving are outputs from the glacial budget.

Question 10

What are differents types of glacial erosion?

Answer 10

Plucking, abrasion and freeze thaw

Question 11

What is plucking?

Answer 11

When meltwater at the base of the glacier freezes on the rock surface. As the glacier moves forward it extracts pieces of the rock surface leaving jagged rock.

Question 12

What is abrasion?

Answer 12

Rock fragments in the ice grind against the rock over which the ice is moving and wears away the land. Smooth like sand paper or stripey (striations)

Question 13

What is freeze thaw?

Answer 13

This is a type of weathering. Water in cracks freezes and expands. This puts pressure in the surrounding rock. As it thaws, pressure is released. It repeats and rocks break away. Scree is where loose bits of rock break away.

Question 14

What is a glacial budget.?

Answer 14

Describes how ice accumulates and melts on a glacier which ultimately determines whether a glacier advances or retreats.

Input - snow building up which gets compacted
Process - gravityand weight moves the glacier downhill which takes sediments and erodes
Output - scree/ sediment, meltwater , ice

Question 15

Why does a small glacier eventually form?
Why is back wall very steep?
How does glacier move?
How is hollow deepened?
Why does a lip form?
Ice melted that forms what?

Question 16

What are aretes?

Answer 16

Knife edged ridges formed between 2 corries.

Question 17

What are pyramidal peaks?

Answer 17

Is 3 or more corries or aretes eg mount everest. Mont blanc.

Question 18

What is glacial till?

Answer 18

It is unsorted sediment

Question 19

What is glacial trough?

Answer 19

U shaped valley

Question 20

What is a truncated spur / interlocking spur?

Answer 20

Glacial landforms v shaped is interlocking and ushaped is truncated.

Question 21

How are u shaped valleys form vs v shaped valleys?

Answer 21

U shaped carved by glaciers as opposed to v shaped by rivers
Glaciers use plucking and abrasion to widen, steepen, deepen and smooth v shaped valleys into a u shape.
Interlocking spurs in a narrow v shape are cut off by ice, creating truncating spurs.
After glaciation, misfit rivers or ribbon lakes may occur on base of lake.

Question 22

Draw and annotate a diagram to explain why cold environments are found at high latitude?

Answer 22

Arctic circle 66.5 N, tropic of cancer 23.5 N, equator, tropic of capricorn, antartic circle.
Latitude is the reason why cold environmentd are found in north south poles. 1. Suns radiation has to pass through more atmosphere to reaxh the poles, therefore heat energy will be lost. 2. Suns radiation is spread over a larger surface area at the poles due to earth being curved.

Question 23

Draw and annotate a diagram to explain why cold environments are found at high altitude?

Answer 23

High altitude 1. Sun heats land and land heats air. The further away, the less warm air will be. 2. Air is less pressure at higher altitude therefore less particles which cannot transfer heat.

Question 24

Draw and annotate a diagram to explain why cold environments are found due to continentality?

Answer 24

In summer, inside land is hotter as land heats up more quickly than the sea.
In winter, coastal areas are warmer as sea retains heat.