FSOT Master 4 Flashcards

Question

Spiro T. Agnew

Answer 1

(RN), , VP under Nixon, resigned for extortion and bribery charges

Answer 2

The practice of appointing applicants to public offices as a reward for their loyalty to the party in power. Replaced by the merit system after Garfield assassination.

Answer 3

October, 1957 - The first artificial satellite sent into space, launched by the Soviets.

Answer 4

Name of TR's programs of reform. Focused on busting trusts, gov't regulation of big biz, fair chance for labor, and environmental conservation

Answer 5

(GC) , Bosses of Republic political machines who practiced patronage and elected officials due to status not experience.

Answer 6

1765 law requiring payment of a tax to Britain on a great variety of papers and documents. Americans rioted in opposition, petitioned for repeal. Was repealed in 1766.

Answer 7

Rockefeller's oil monopoly, many held stocks in it. Exemplified "horizontal integration."

Answer 8

All suffregettes - Stanton was a suffragette who, with Lucretia Mott, organized the first convention on women's rights, held in Seneca Falls, New York in 1848. Issued the Declaration of Sentiments which declared men and women to be equal and demanded the right to vote for women. Co-founded the National Women's Suffrage Association with Susan B. Anthony in 1869. - Anthony was an early leader of the women's suffrage (right to vote) movement, co-founded the National Women's Suffrage Association with Elizabeth Cady Stnaton in 1869. - Catt was a suffragette who was president of the National Women's Suffrage Association, and founder of the International Woman Suffrage Alliance. Instrumental in obtaining passage of the 19th Amendment in 1920.

Answer 9

National Anthem, written by Frances Scott Key during war of 1812.

Answer 10

The winter of 1609 to 1610 was known as the "starving time" to the colonists of Virginia. Only sixty members of the original four-hundred colonists survived. The rest died of starvation because they did not possess the skills that were necessary to obtain food in the new world.

Answer 11

Political who debated Lincoln prior to 1860 election - advocated annexation of Mexico and strong supporter for Compromise of 1850

Answer 12

(FDR) 1932, , 1932, Hoover's Secretary of State said the US would not recognize territorial changes resulting from Japan's invasion of Manchuria

Answer 13

Price manipulation by strategic stock brokers of the late 1800s. The term for selling more stock than they actually owned in order to lower prices, then buying it back.

Answer 14

(RR) 1987, due to use of computerized program trading in stocks and stock-index futures by a few large institutional investors, however spring of 1988 steady growth but many jobs were lost

Answer 15

This crash began the Great Depression.

Answer 16

Confederate General who lead victorys in the First Battle of Bull Run and the Chattle of Chancellorsville. He was accidentally shot by his own troops.

Answer 17

Raid on gay club, where clients fought back. Led to the creation of the Gay Liberation Front and greater solidarity among homosexuals.

Answer 18

One of the first and most successful slave rebellions in which twenty slaves met and killed many colonists before fleeing and being captured.

Answer 19

(DDE) 1956, , when President Nasser of Egypt announced his intention to build a damn in the Suez to provide power and irrigation to Egypt, the United States offered its financial support, withdrawing it when Nasser spoke with the Communists on the subject. Nasser responded by nationalizing the Suez canal, which was previously owned by British and French stockholders. This hurt Europe by crippling their oil supply, most of which came from the Persian Gulf. The French and British retaliated by striking Egypt, confident that the United States would supply them with the oil they needed while they foughtwith the Middle East. President Eisenhower refused to do so, forcing the allies to withdraw their troops. As a result, U.N. troops acted for the first time to maintain peace and order in the world. Soviets tried to interfere. Eisenhown put the Strategic Air Command on alert.

Answer 20

The First Continental Congress endorsed Massachusetts's Suffolk Resolves, which declared that the colonies need not obey the 1773 Coercive Acts, since they infringed upon basic liberties.

Answer 21

Sugar - Established a number of new duties and contained provisions aimed at deterring molasses smugglers. It was explicity designed to generate revenue for the British government. (1764) Currency - Forbade Americans from producing their own paper currency. (1764)

Answer 22

(DDE), Eisenhower, discuss nuclear testing and disarmament with Soviet Union, but then U-2 incident, US first said it was just for meterological plan but the Russians caught Francis Powers, Khrushchev demanded apology, and violation of Russian territory, but Eisenhowr refused both demand.

Answer 23

(RN), America opposed entrance to UN of Mao-Tse-tung's Communist People's Republic of China, however they saw Kai-shek's Nationalist CHina on island of Taiwan, but Nixon relaxed restricitons, also on trade, and US support People's Republic of and General Assembly did to, and also expelled Nationlist China, from the UN, also after Nixon returned from China, Okinawa Island was returned to Japan, but US retained its military base there.

Answer 24

(RN), along with two top advisiors, Henry Kissinger and Gerard Smith, talked with USSR about conduct joint space teams, scientists cures of cancer and heart disease, cease from any further incidents, warships, pretty much cooperate together, and also talked about SALT

Answer 25

1856 - Charles Sumner gave a two day speech on the Senate floor. He denounced the South for crimes against Kansas and singled out Senator Andrew Brooks of South Carolina for extra abuse. Brooks beat Sumner over the head with his cane, severely crippling him.

Answer 26

leader of woman suffrage movement, who helped to define the movement's goals and beliefs and to lead its actions

Answer 27

Lincoln suspended this writ, which states that a person cannot be arrested without probable cause and must be informed of the charges against him and be given an opportunity to challenge them. Throughout the war, thousands were arrested for disloyal acts. Although the U.S. Supreme Court eventually helped the suspension edict to be unconstitutional, by the time the Court acted the Civil War was nearly over.

Answer 28

(WW) , A promise Germany made to America, after Wilson threatened to sever ties, to stop sinking their ships without warning, Germany block promise

Answer 29

Segregated law school in Texas was held to be an illegal violation of civil rights, leading to open enrollment.

Answer 30

Major law concerning labor passed in 1947. Was reversal of pro-labor policies of FDR.

Answer 31

The US and Japan pledged to maintain the Open Door principles in China, Japan recognized US control over the Philippines, and the USgranted a Japanese protectorate over Korea.

Answer 32

(DDE) 1953, Eisenhower said that they would aid Nationalist China, but if they acted against Taiwan, they would repel

Answer 33

(JMon) , This was an attempt to have no more slaves to be brought to Missouri and provided the gradual emancipation of the children of slaves. In the mind of the South, this was a threat to the sectional balance between North and South.

Answer 34

The democratic political machine controlling New York City politics from the 1854 to the 1934 by Boss Tweed.

Answer 35

(GW) Hamilton, aka 10 percent tariff, protection of domestic manufacture by tariffs

Answer 36

(AJ) , The Tariff of 1832 was a protectionist tariff in the United States. It was passed as a reduced tariff to remedy the conflict created by the tariff of 1828, but it was still deemed unsatisfactory by southerners and other groups hurt by high tariff rates. Southern opposition to this tariff and its predecessor, the Tariff of Abominations, caused the Nullification Crisis involving South Carolina. The tariff was later lowered down to 35 percent, a reduction of 10 percent, to pacify these objections.

Answer 37

(AJ) set up by henry clay, it was a way to prevent jackson from victory. clay aptly deserves his title as the great comprimiser. it allowed for the tariff of 1832, with a 10 percent decrease every year for 10 years, when the tariff rate would be back to where it was in 1816. it was squezed through congress.

Answer 38

An extremely high tariff that Jacksonian Democrats tried to get Adams to veto. Greatly angered Southerners, who were heavily reliant on manufacturing, were angered by what they considered to be the unfair tariff. (1828)

Answer 39

(RR) 1986, wanted to lower taxes (progressive taxes), however impossible since lower rates was to be made up by losing previous tax loopholes. richest however didn't suffer that much, only paid 28 not 33 percent.

Answer 40

Important right since Magna Carta, not granted to colonists. Was one of the principal motivations for the declaration of independence.

Answer 41

(WJC) Pres and Republicans agree to balanced federal budget, provide first federal tax, expanded coverage to uninsured children, helped with 70 billion, but failed with SS and Medicare

Answer 42

Only duty not repealed from Townshend Acts. Forced colonists to buy tea at high prices due to monopolies.

Answer 43

(CC), a government scandal involving a former United States Navy oil reserve in Wyoming that was secretly leased to a private oil company in 1921

Answer 44

(FDR) December, 1943, a meeting between FDR, Churchill and Stalin in Iran to discuss coordination of military efforts against Germany, they repeated the pledge made in the earlier Moscow Conference to create the United Nations after the war's conclusion to help ensure international peace

Answer 45

April 1896 - U.S. declared Cuba free from Spain, but this amendment disclaimed any American intention to annex Cuba

Answer 46

(WMc) Congress granted the presiden the power to liberate Cuba, stating that the United States intended only to free Cuba from tyranny

Answer 47

The American Temperance Society was formed in Boston in 1826. It persuaded people to stop drinking or lesson their drinking.

Answer 48

(AL) , 1863, when 10 percent of the voters of a state took an oath of loyalty to the Union, the State could form a government and adopt a new constitution that banned slavery

Answer 49

(FDR) 1933, , A relief, recovery, and reform effort that gave 2.5 million poor citizens jobs and land. It brought cheap electric power, low-cost housing, cheap nitrates, and the restoration of eroded soil.

Answer 50

1866 - enacted by radical congress - forbade president from removing civil officers without senatorial consent - was to prevent Johnson from removing a radical republican from his cabinet (Johnson violated, led to impeachment)

Answer 51

An American labor union originally established as a secret fraternal order and noted as the first union of all workers. It was founded in 1869 in Philadelphia by Uriah Stephens and a number of fellow workers. Powderly was elected head of the Knights of Labor in 1883.

Answer 52

(WJC) garage - Twin Tower, Murrah Federal Building in Oklahoma City, Tim McVeigh and Terry Nichols, bomb Olympic Stadium because = abortion there

Answer 53

(LBJ) , 1968; National Liberation Front and North Vietnamese forces launched a huge attack on the Vietnamese New Year (Tet), which was defeated after a month of fighting and many thousands of casualties; major defeat for communism, but Americans reacted sharply, with declining approval of LBJ and more anti-war sentiment

Answer 54

Texas officially entered Union as slave state in 1848 after Mexican American War with Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo.

Answer 55

A radical Republican who believed in harsh punishments for the South. Leader of the radical Republicans in Congress.

Answer 56

It was designed to assist industry, labor, and the unemployed. there were maximum hours of labor, minimum wages, and more rights for labor union members, including the right to choose their own representatives in bargaining.

Answer 57

The practice of reviving unpleasant memories from the past. Representative Ben F. Butler waved before the House a bloodstained nightshirt of a carpetbagger flogged by Klan members.

Answer 58

1932 - Facing the financial crisis of the Depression, WW I veterans tried to pressure Congress to pay them their retirement bonuses early. Congress considered a bill authorizing immediate assurance of $2.4 billion, but it was not approved. Angry veterans marched on Washington, D.C., and Hoover called in the army to get the veterans out of there.

Answer 59

Roosvelt's campaing under the Progressive Party in the 1912 election. He ran as a Progressive against Republican Taft, beating him but losing to Democrat Woodrow Wilson. It was called "Bull Moose" because Roosevelt said he felt as strong as a bull moose.

Answer 60

Take over one island after the other as American troops slowly moved closer to Japan.

Answer 61

"Smiling crescent" of 15 states in Southern America. The population increased in this area at double the rate of old industrial zones in the Northeast (Frostbelt)

Answer 62

If the rich become richer then the money will "trickle down" to the middle and poor classes making them more wealthy.

Answer 63

Wilson called for a war against these three things, tariff, banks, and trusts.

Answer 64

1940 - Formed by die-hard isolationists who feared the U.S. going to war. They wanted to do anything they could to stay out of war.

Answer 65

Pamphlets written by Thomas Paine to rally support for the Revolutionary war.

Answer 66

Proposed after the War of 1812 by Clay. It included using federal money for internal improvements (roads, bridges, industrial improvements, etc.), enacting a protective tariff to foster the growth of American industries, and strengthening the national bank.

Answer 67

August 1941-Roosevelt and British Prime Minister Winston Churchill met and discussed common problems of the world. The two men came up with the eight-point Atlantic Charter, outlining the aspirations of the democracies for a better world at the war's end. The Atlantic Charter promised that there would be no territorial changes contrary to the wishes of the inhabitants; it affirmed the right of a people to choose their own form of government and to regain the governments abolished by the dictators; and it declared for disarmament and a peace of security, pending a new League of Nations.

Answer 68

December, 1944-January, 1945 - After recapturing France, the Allied advance became stalled along the German border. In the winter of 1944, Germany staged a massive counterattack in Belgium and Luxembourg which pushed a 30 mile "bulge" into the Allied lines. The Allies stopped the German advance and threw them back across the Rhine with heavy losses.

Answer 69

1961 - The Soviet Union, under Nikita Khrushev, erected a wall between East and West Berlin to keep people from fleeing from the East, after Kennedy asked for an increase in defense funds to counter Soviet aggression.

Answer 70

(RR) after FBD, became a debtor nation, closed gap between income and military expenditures, govt had to borrow money through selling bonds, so they borrowed from foreign nations, foreigners lent because interest rates were high in US, but Treasury only accepted "dollar", price of the dollar increased 60 percent, "strong dollar" = good, "overvalued dollar" = severe economic problems

Answer 71

Young hippies rose as a self-conscious culture that was opposed to traditional American ways.

Answer 72

1940 - U.S. agreed to "lend" its older destroyers to Great Britain. (Destroyers were major warships that made up the bulk of most countries' navies.) Signaled the end of U.S. neutrality in the war.

Answer 73

A group of people from 15 southern states that were embittered by Truman's nomination and nominated J. Strom Thurmond on a states' Rights Party ticket.

Answer 74

Eisenhower proposed and obtained a joint resolution from Congress authorizing the use of U.S. military forces to intervene in any country that appeared likely to fall to communism. Used in the Middle East.

Answer 75

1934 - Created by Congress to insure long-term, low-interest mortgages for home construction and repair.

Answer 76

Franklin Roosevelt described his foreign policy as that of a "good neighbor." The phrase came to be used to describe the U.S. attitude toward the countries of Latin America. Under Roosevelt's "Good Neighbor Policy," the U.S. took the lead in promoting good will among these nations.

Answer 77

Led the National Grange of the Pattrons of Husbandry, first real organization of the populist movement.

Answer 78

On August 23, 1939, the Soviet Union signed a nonaggression treaty with Hitler. The Hitler-Stalin pact meant that Germany could make war on Poland and the Western democracies without fear of retaliation from the Soviet Union.

Answer 79

March 9, 1933 - At Roosevelt's request, Congress began a special session to review recovery and reform laws submitted by the President for Congressional approval. It actually lasted only 99 days.

Answer 80

Hinton Helper of North Carolina spoke for poor, non-slave-owning Whites in his 1857 book, which was a violent attack on slavery. It wasnâ€™t written with sympathy for Blacks, who Helper despised, but with a belief that the economic system of the South was bringing ruin on the small farmer.

Answer 81

Treaty in which Britain agreed to evacuate its posts on the US western frontier (1794)

Answer 82

Devised by President Wilson, it reflected the power of large countries. Although comprised of delegates from every country, it was designed to be run by a council of the five largest countries. It also included a provision for a world court.

Answer 83

(HT) , 1947, by George Marshall, against "hunger, poverty, desperation, and chaos" a massive aid package offered by US they gave food and economic assistance to europe to help countries rebuild

Answer 84

(JP) 1846-1848 , Mexico broke relations with USA after annexation of Texas. Also, dispute over boundary of Texas (Rio Grande or Nueces River?) Americans interested in New Mexico and California, as well. Polk sent Slidell to try and buy off the Mexicans... they wouldn't budge.Polk ordered Taylor to move army across Nueces River to the Rio Grande- stayed stationed for a while,finally Mexicans crossed river and attacked "MEXICANS" started the war (NOT). America got New Mexico and California, ended with Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo.

Answer 85

Part of Hamilton's Plan, it would save the government's surplus money until it was needed.

Answer 86

Also called the Cumberland Road - The first highway built by the federal government. Constructed during 1825-1850, it stretched from Pennsylvania to Illinois. It was a major overland shipping route and an important connection between the North and the West.

Answer 87

1947 - Created the cabinet post of Secretary of Defense, the CIA, and the National Security Council. 1949 - Created NATO.

Answer 88

Hitler decided to crush the Soviet Union, seize the oil and other resources of the Soviet Union, and then have two free hands to battle Britain. On June 22, 1941, Hitler launched an attack on the Soviet Union. President Roosevelt immediately promised assistance and backed up his words by making some military supplies available.

Answer 89

It stated that the European democracies could buy American war materials as long as they would transport the munitions on their own ships after paying for them in cash. America thus avoided loans, war debts, and the torpedoing of American arms-carriers. Overseas demand for war goods brought a sharp upswing from the recession of 1937-1938 and ultimately solved the decade-long unemployment crisis.

Answer 90

Woodrow Wilson

Answer 91

Statement in FDR's first inaugural, at one of the worst points of the Great Depression.

Answer 92

Asked Imperialist Nations to offer assurance that they would respect the principle of equal trade opportunities, specifically in the China market. - Asked European nationas to keep fair competition open to all nations willing and wanting to participate. It "saved" China from being carved up.

Answer 93

Buit to make passage between Atlantic and Pacific oceans easier and faster because there were many Navy ships that needed to get from Gulf of Mexico out to the Pacific to help protect American islands in case of invasion.

Answer 94

Recieved these islands after S-A War. Although he considered giving them up after insurrections, McKinley ultimately kept them.

Answer 95

Treaty with Spain which opened trade and redefined Florida boundary (1795)

Answer 96

July 26, 1945 - Allied leaders Truman, Stalin and Churchill met in Germany to set up zones of control and to inform the Japanese that if they refused to surrender at once, they would face total destruction.

Answer 97

Spoken by Vanderbilt (railroad executive). Used when business leaders are accused of shirking responsibility toward the public.

Answer 98

Thomas Paine wrote the Rights of Man in 1791, it is a work glorifying the French Revolution.

Answer 99

A series of treaties in 1936 and 37 between Germany, Italy, and Japan created what was called the "Rome-Berlin-Tokyo Axis." The coutries were thereafter refered to as the Axis Powers.

Answer 100

Arrested in the Summer of 1950 and executed in 1953, they were convicted of conspiring to commit espionage by passing plans for the atomic bomb to the Soviet Union.

Answer 101

At this time many settlement houses were created, which helped newcomers cope with American big-city life and exposed middle class women to American big city problems. the most prominent settlement house (but not first) was the Hull House.

Answer 102

Required fingerprinting and registering of all aliens in the U.S. and made it a crime to teach or advocate the violent overthrow of the U.S. government.

Answer 103

One of the most important features of the Second New Deal established a retirement for persons over 65 funded by a tax on wages paid equally by employee and employer.

Answer 104

The ultimatum said that Germans must stop sinking ships or the US will break their neutrailty (and almost certainly neter the war). The Pledge was that the Germans promised to stop submarine warfare.

Answer 105

1929 - The Naval strategic oil reserve at Elk Hills, also known as "Teapot Dome" was taken out of the Navy's control and placed in the hands of the Department of the Interior, which leased the land to oil companies. Several Cabinet members received huge payments as bribes. Due to the investigation, Daugherty, Denky, and Fall were forced to resign.

Answer 106

December, 1943 - A meeting between FDR, Churchill and Stalin in Iran to discuss coordination of military efforts against Germany, they repeated the pledge made in the earlier Moscow Conference to create the United Nations after the war's conclusion to help ensure international peace.

Answer 107

1947 - Stated that the U.S. would support any nation threatened by Communism.

Answer 108

Only the Security Council could take action on substantive issues through investigation. The General Assembly met and talked. A secretariat, headed by a Secretary-General, was to perform the organization's administrative work.

Answer 109

Prohibition - 1919: the 18th Amendment outlawed the manufacture or sale of intoxicating liquors. Volstead Act - 1919: Defined what drinks constituted "intoxicating liquors" under the 18th Amendment, and set penalties for violations of prohibition.

Answer 110

Passed by Congress in 1965, it allowed for supervisors to register Blacks to vote in places where they had not been allowed to vote before.

Answer 111

The U.S. and nine other countries discussed limits on naval armaments. They felt that a naval arms race had contributed to the start of WW I. They created quotas for different classes of ships that could be built by each country based on its economic power and size of existing navies.

Answer 112

group of farmers refused to pay federal excise tax on whiskey, Washington responds decisively with troops (1794)

Answer 113

Launched the air age.

Answer 114

Three French agents asked for over ten million dollars in tribute before they would begin diplomatic talks with America. When Americans heard the news, they were outraged. Adams decided to strengthen the Navy to show France that America was a force to be reckoned with

Answer 115

February, 1945 - Roosevelt, Churchill and Stalin met at Yalta to make final war plans, arrange the post-war fate of Germany, and discuss the proposal for creation of the United Nations as a successor to the League of Nations. They announced the decision to divide Germany into three post-war zones of occupation, although a fourth zone was later created for France. Russia also agreed to enter the war against Japan, in exchange for the Kuril Islands and half of the Sakhalin Peninsula.

Answer 116

1917 - Germany sent this to Mexico instructing an ambassador to convince Mexico to go to war with the U.S. It was intercepted and caused the U.S. to mobilized against Germany, which had proven it was hostile.

Answer 117

President 1901 to 1909. Lead the Rough Riders in Spanish-American war. Upheld many of the interests of the Progressive Movement. Was a Trust Buster. Said needed to 'walk softly but carry a big stick.' Received Nobel prize for negotiating peace in Russo-Japanese war. Began construction of the Panama Canal.

Answer 118

(WMc) Assistant Secretary of Navy, Rough Rider (helped him gain fame after San Juan Hill), instructed Commodore Dewey to attack Philippines

Answer 119

By Thomas Paine in the America Crisis

Answer 120

(AJohn) , abolished slavery

Answer 121

Founding father, principal author of the Declaration of Independence, President 1801-9. Arranged the Louisiana Purchase, founded the U. of VA. Champion of political and religious freedom.

Answer 122

Wrote Common Sense and American Crisis, urging American independence.

Answer 123

Location of a nuclear power plant accident in 1979. Caused panic and intense criticism of nuclear power programs in general.

Answer 124

First black appointed to the Supreme Court in 1967. Was lawyer in Brown vs. Board of Education. Consistently liberal record.

Answer 125

(WJC) Pres sued industry to stop marketing cigars to kids and accept great federal regulation

Answer 126

The Tories were colonists who disagreed with the move for independence and did not support the Revolution.

Answer 127

These acts put a light import duty on such things as glass, lead, paper, and tea. The acts met slight protest from the colonists, who found ways around the taxes such as buying smuggled tea. Due to its minute profits, the Townshend Acts were repealed in 1770, except for the tax on tea. The tax on tea was kept to keep alive the principle of Parliamentary taxation. (1767)

Answer 128

(AJ) , The Cherokee Indians were forced to leave their lands. They traveled from North Carolina and Georgia through Tennessee, Kentucky, Illinois, Missouri, and Arkansas-more than 800 miles (1,287 km)-to the Indian Territory. More than 4, 00 Cherokees died of cold, disease, and lack of food during the 116-day journey.

Answer 129

Cable from Newfoundland to Ireland to revolutionize international communication.

Answer 130

A philosophy pioneered by Ralph Waldo Emerson in the 1830's and 1840's, in which each person has direct communication with God and Nature, and there is no need for organized churches. It incorporated the ideas that mind goes beyond matter, intuition is valuable, that each soul is part of the Great Spirit, and each person is part of a reality where only the invisible is truly real. Promoted individualism, self-reliance, and freedom from social constraints, and emphasized emotions.

Answer 131

Union Pacific: Began in Omaha in 1865 and went west. Central Pacific: Went east from Sacramento and met the Union Pacific Railroad at Promontory Point, Utah on May 10, 1869, where the golden spike ceremony was held. Transcontinental railroad overcharged the federal government and used substandard materials.

Answer 132

(JA) ended

Answer 133

: Treaty that ended the War of 1812 and maintained prewar conditions

Answer 134

After their defeat at the Battle of the Fallen Timbers in 1794, 12 Native American tribes signed the Treaty of Grenville, which cleared the Ohio territory of tribes and opened it up to U.S. settlement

Answer 135

Ended Mexican War - US received Texas (with Rio Grande border) and other states - US paid Mexico $15 million dollars

Answer 136

Ended French and Indian War

Answer 137

The 1763 Treaty of Paris ended the Seven Years War in Europe and the parallel French and Indian War in North America. Under the treaty, Britain won all of Canada and almost all of the modern United States east of the Mississippi.

Answer 138

The British recognized the independence of the United States. It granted boundaries, which stretched from the Mississippi on the west, to the Great Lakes on the north, and to Spanish Florida on the south. The Yankees retained a share of Newfoundland.

Answer 139

While there have been many Treaties of Paris throughout history. The most important in American History is the treaty signed in September 1783 and ratified by Congress in January 1784, which ended the Revolutionary War and granted the United States its independence. It further granted the U.S. all land east of the Mississippi River. While generally accepted, the Treaty of Paris opened the door to future legislative and economic disputes.

Answer 140

Ended the Spanish-American War and developed an American empire overseas. Spain agreed to abandon Cuba and exchange Puerto Rico, Guam and the Philippines to America for $20 million.

Answer 141

(WMc) , The treaty that concluded the Spanish American War, Commissioners from the U.S. were sent to Paris on October 1, 1898 to produce a treaty that would bring an end to the war with Spain after six months of hostilitiy. From the treaty America got Guam, Puerto Rico and they paid 20 million dollars for the Philipines. Cuba was freed from Spain.

Answer 142

Ended Russo-Japanese War. (1905)

Answer 143

Signed with Spain in 1795, the Treaty of San Lorenzo – also known as Pinckney's Treaty – gave the U.S. unrestricted access to the Mississippi River and established the border between the U.S. and Spanish Florida.

Answer 144

(WW) 1918, , Created by the leaders victorious allies Nations: France, Britain, US, and signed by Germany to help stop WWI. The treaty 1)stripped Germany of all Army, Navy, Airforce. 2) Germany had to rapair war damages(33 billion) 3) Germany had to acknowledge guilt for causing WWI 4) Germany could not manefacture any weapons.

Answer 145

Two Confederate diplomats were dispatched to go to Europe on a mail steamer to try and gain support from Britain and France. The Union stopped this steamer and removed the two Confederate diplomats.

Answer 146

Accidentally killed 141 workers, prodded concerns that raised new questions of human and immigrant rights and of existing labor laws.

Answer 147

Original Allies in WWI: Britain, France, and Russia.

Answer 148

Original Central Powers in WWI: Germany, Austria- Hungary, and Italy.

Answer 149

(HT) , 1947, President Truman's policy of providing economic and military aid to any country threatened by communism or totalitarian ideology, mainly helped Greece and Turkey

Answer 150

MacArhur called for air strikes on China during Korean War. Truman said no, MacArthur disagreed publicly. Truman removed him for insubordination.

Answer 151

(USG) , the corrupt part of Tammany Hall in New York City, started by Burly "Boss" Tweed that Samuel J. Tilden, the reform governor of New York had been instrumental in overthrowing, Thomas Nast exposed through illustration in Harper's Weekly

Answer 152

1804 (TJ) , Beginning in 1804, electors would vote separately for President and Vice President

Answer 153

Record for lifetime batting average.

Answer 154

(FDR) 1934, provided for the drafting and guidelines of a Constitution for a 10-year "transitional period" which became the government of the Commonwealth of the Philippines before the granting of Philippine independence, during which the US would maintain military forces in the Philippines. The nation did not want to have to support the Philippines if Japan attacked there.

Answer 155

(FDR) 1936 as a case in which the Supreme Court of the United States ruled that the processing taxes instituted under the 1933 Agricultural Adjustment Act were unconstitutional.

Answer 156

J.P. Morgan's steel empire, first billion-dollar corporation.

Answer 157

Let sugar refinery slip through loophole of Sherman Anti-Trust Act, thereby weakening it.

Answer 158

Ship that exploded in Havana harbor, blamed on Spanish, sparked war.

Answer 159

U.S. president 1873-1877. Military hero of the Civil War, he led a corrupt administration, consisting of friends and relatives. Although Grant was personally a very honest and moral man, his administration was considered the most corrupt the U.S. had had at that time.

Answer 160

(MF) 1852, , a novel published by harriet beecher stowe in 1852 which portrayed slavery as brutal and immoral (caused Civil War), Europe applauds

Answer 161

The French were infuriated with the US after Jay's Treaty, so began to attack American ships at sea.

Answer 162

(FP) 1830, Harriet Tubman, a system that helped enslaved African Americans follow a network of escape routes out of the South to freedom in the North

Answer 163

October 13, 1913 - Lowered tariffs on hundreds of items that could be produced more cheaply in the U.S. than abroad.

Answer 164

in the Civil War â€“ Larger number of troops, superior navy, better transportation, overwhelming financial and industrial reserves to create munitions and supplies, which eventually outstripped the Southâ€™s initial material advantage.

Answer 165

Central Pacific and Union Pacific lines met at Ogden, Utah, creating the first transcontinental railroad line.

Answer 166

(USG) , railroad that started in Omaha, Nebraska and it connected with the Central Pacific Railroad in Promentary Point, Utah; hired Chinese immigrants

Answer 167

A labor union representing approximately 1.3 million workers in the United States and Canada in many industries, including health care, meatpacking, poultry and food processing, manufacturing, textile and chemical trades, and retail food. Until July 2005, UFCW was affiliated with the AFL-CIO, where it was the second largest union by membership. Along with two other members of the Change to Win Coalition, the UFCW formally disaffiliated with the AFL-CIO on July 29, 2005.

Answer 168

(FDR) an organization of independent states formed in 1945 to promote international peace and security

Answer 169

(JEC) Mohammed Reza Pahlavi became Iran "shah" and ayatollah khomeini didn't like this, shah wanted "white revolution", and shah exiled Khomeini, who later directed Islamic Republic, and kept hostages, Carter tried to help, he froze all Iranian assets in US, and also sent USS Nimitz in Gulf of Oman where 8 were killed, 2 events (1) Iran became victim of Iraq (2) 30 after RR became president, he talked tough on Carter's policy and 52 hostages were sent free.

Answer 170

(1895) Congress wanted to bust a trust because it controled 98% of sugar manufacturing. Supreme court said no because it wasn't interstate commerce which they do have the right to regulate. Severely weakend the Sherman Anti-Trust Act

Answer 171

(LBJ) Robert Kennedy sent marshalls to protect the right of qualified black there

Answer 172

Described awful conditions of meat packing industry, led to Meat Inspection Act.

Answer 173

(LBJ) , large scale rioting, summer 1966 and 1967, so Pres appointed National Advisory Commission on Civil Disorders, said democracy to all citizen, adequate financing by both the federal and local govt.

Answer 174

Communities seeking cooperation, communism ideals, and communitarianism.

Answer 175

Quarters of American army one winter in revolutionary war. Very cold, but Washington kept the morale of the troops up.

Answer 176

(GC2) 1895, Guiana and Venezula in conflict with each other (discovery of gold), Cleveland called for arbitration, The US determined to enforce the Monroe Doctrine by itself, without relying on the British (got most of the land) navy.

Answer 177

Owning every step of the manufacturing process. - Ex: An oil company owns the land the oil comes from, the business to extract the oil, the shipping business to ship the oil, and the gas stations to sell the oil.

Answer 178

(CC) Colonel Forbes goes to jail for conspiring to sell narcotics, liquor, and other government property

Answer 179

(AL), 1863 , a decisive battle in the American Civil War (1863)

Answer 180

1954-1975. North tried to take over th South with help of Viet Cong. Eisenhower and Kenedy sent advisors, Johnson sent half a million troops. Tet offensive and My Lai massacre severe set back. Nixon and Kissinger negotiated cease fire and withdrawl. Lead to severe division of American society at home.

Answer 181

Affirmations of States rights in the face of the Alien and Sedition Acts. Written by Madison and Jefferson. Included a statement of the power of nullification by the States.

Answer 182

The Virginia Plan called for a two-house Congress with each state's representation based on state population. The New Jersey Plan called for a one-house Congress in which each state had equal representation.

Answer 183

A joint-stock company: based in Virginia in 1607, founded to find gold and a water way to the Indies. Confirmed all Englishmen that they would have the same life in the New World, as they had in England, with the same rights. 3 of their ships transported the people that would found Jamestown in 1607.

Answer 184

4 of the first 5 presidents were from Virginia.

Answer 185

The Virginia Plan was presented to the Constitutional Convention and proposed the creation of a bicameral legislature with representation in both houses proportional to population. The Virginia Plan favored the large states, which would have a much greater voice. In opposition, the small states proposed the New Jersey Plan. In the end, the two sides found common ground through the Connecticut Compromise.

Answer 186

In response to the 1765 Stamp Act, Patrick Henry persuaded the Virginia House of Burgesses to adopt several strongly worded resolutions that denied Parliament's right to tax the colonies. Known as the Virginia Resolves, these resolutions persuaded many other colonial legislatures to adopt similar positions.

Answer 187

Virtual representation means that a representative is not elected by his constituents, but he resembles them in his political beliefs and goals. The colonies only had virtual representation in the British government.

Answer 188

(WW), implemented the 18th Admendment. It established illegal alcohol at above .5%, but then comes the speakeasies

Answer 189

Eliminated obstacles used to block black voting, such as literacy tests. Enabled federal registrars to register voters.

Answer 190

(LBJ) , 1965 act which guaranteed the right to vote to all Americans, and allowed the federal government to intervene in order to ensure that minorities could vote

Answer 191

Black leader who fought for universal suffrage and civil rights, and founded the Nigara Movement and NAACP.

Answer 192

1886 - Stated that individual states can control trade in their states, but cannot regulate railroads coming through them. Congress has exclusive jurisdiction over interstate commerce. States cannot regulate or place restrictions on businesses which only pass through them, such as interstate transportation.

Answer 193

Bill declared that the Reconstruction of the South was a legislative, not executive, matter. It was an attempt to weaken the power of the president. Lincoln vetoed it. Wade-Davis Manifesto said Lincoln was acting like a dictator by vetoing.

Answer 194

A term originally used to describe a member of the House of Representatives of the Twelfth Congress of the United States who advocated going to war against Great Britain in the War of 1812.

Answer 195

(WW) , Headed by Bernard Baruch, could order businesses to support war by building more plants, etc.

Answer 196

Statement of Union General Sherman during Civil War.

Answer 197

Like second war of independence. Fought over alleged violations of American shipping rights. American soldiers attacked Canada unsuccessfully, and Britain burned the White House. Most famous battle was Battle of New Orleans led by Andrew Jackson (after peace had been signed, but army not informed).

Answer 198

(GB1), William Bennett as there was a dramatic increase in drug use, and demand for illegal drugs, especially "crack" cocaine, political figures of both parties spoke heatedly about the need for a "war on drugs", but government efforts to stop drug imports and reduce demand had little effect.

Answer 199

Johnson's programs to help poor Americans, including job retraining and improvement of housing.

Answer 200

Converted factories from civilian to military production. Manufacturing output tripled.

Answer 201

President 1921-23. Opposed participation in the League of Nations. Many of his appointments were corrupt. He died before the full scope was revealed. Known as the Harding scandals.

Answer 202

(RR), Gorbachev = supported political settlements in Angola and Cambodia, and took out troops from Afghanistan, wanted more open society (perestroika "restructing", glasnost "openess"), also reduced miltary spendings, Bush didn't support the programs like Star Wars

Answer 203

(WH), was a military conference called by the administration of President Warren G. Harding and held in Washington, D.C. from 12 November 1921 to 6 February 1922. Conducted outside the auspices of the League of Nations, it was attended by nine nations having interests in the Pacific Ocean and East Asia.

Answer 204

Congregationalist minister who followed the social gospel and supported social reform. A prolific writer whose newspaper columns and many books made him a national leader of the Social gospel movement.

Answer 205

Never delivered. Warned of the dangers of divisive party politics and warned agaisnt US alliances with other countries.

Answer 206

Established isolationist policy, proclaimed government's official neutrality in widening European conflicts also warned American citizens about intervening on either side of conflict. (1793)

Answer 207

Nixon's staff broken into HQ of Democratic party to plant bugs. Later Nixon covered it up. To avoid impeachment, he resigned.

Answer 208

Riots in LA in 1965, 30 people died

Answer 209

(GF) where almost all important work on tax law occurs; decides whether to go along with presidential requests for tax cuts or increases, changed under Ford

Answer 210

Words spoken by American army officer when US forces arrived in France in WWI. Refers to repaying debt to Lafayette's for helping Americans in Revolutionary war.

Answer 211

Best known song of the civil rights movement

Answer 212

(JT), followed by Aroostook War, 1842 between the US and the Brits, settled boundry disputes in the North West, fixed most borders between US and Canada, talked about slavery and excredition

Answer 213

(WJC)"end welfare as we know it", poor ppl move from welfare to work, welfare payments to max of five years, welfare recipients engage in work within two years

Answer 214

The Republicans chose Wendell L. Willkie to run against President Roosevelt. Willkie's great appeal lay in his personality. The Republican platform condemned FDR's alleged dictatorship, as well as the New Deal. Willkie was opposed not so much to the New Deal as to its extravagances and inefficiencies.

Answer 215

(LBJ) 1964 , One person, one vote (in redistricting for federal elections, each congressional district was to be approximately the same) In Georgia, the 5th district had 3 to 4 times more people than did the other districts.

Answer 216

De facto segregation is segregation of races that actually exists, though not by law. De jure segregation is segregation of races by law.

Answer 217

The Federalist party in 1792, which advocated strong national government. It was opposed by Thomas Jefferson & James Madison's Republican party.

Answer 218

The government (public sector).

Answer 219

Ohio, Illinois, Michigan, Wisconsin, Minnesota, Indiana. They all became states in the early to mid 1800's.

Answer 220

The 1910s. The 1980s were the second.

Answer 221

1918. The armistice was on Nov. 11 of the same year.

Answer 222

In 1935 by eight international unions within the American Federation of Labor to pressure the AFL, which had either opposed or given only lukewarm support to organizing mass production industries, to change its policies. After failing to change AFL policy from within, five of these eight unions split from the AFL to found the Congress of Industrial Organizations as a rival federation in 1938. The CIO rejoined the AFL, forming the new entity known as the American Federation of Labor-Congress of Industrial Organizations (AFL-CIO), in 1955.

Answer 223

After WWII, 1945-1950 by decree of president Truman.

Answer 224

In Massachussetts, established Plymouth in 1620.

Answer 225

Harding. He opposed Wilson's league of nations, as did the US senate.

Answer 226

Both, but mainly supported the British.

Answer 227

Party formed to oppose Jackson and the democrats. Supported protective tariffs, national banking and federal aid for infrastructure. Fell into disunity over slavery, and later Republican party emerged from it.

Answer 228

Rebellion against federal tax on alcohol. Was first important test of the power of the new federal government to enforce its laws after Constitution passed.

Answer 229

After the Whiskey Ring robbed the Treasury, Grant delcared, "Let no guilty man escape," his own secretary was found to be a culprit. However, he wrote a letter on his behalf , and country began to turn on Grant.

Answer 230

Whites migrating/moving to the suburbs by the millions

Answer 231

(WJC) an Ame political controversy that began with the real estate dealings of Bill and Hillary Clinton and their associates, [Jim and Susan McDougal] in the Whitewater Development Corporation, a failed business venture. David Hale, the source of criminal allegations against Clinton, claimed in November 1993 that Bill, while govnr of AK, pressured him to provide an illegal $300,000 loan to Susan McDougal, Kenneth Starr major player

Answer 232

The puritans in 1629.

Answer 233

US marshall who pursued some of the worst outlaws of the old west.

Answer 234

A strike without union authorization.

Answer 235

(RR) attention on educatio reform

Answer 236

Longest serving Supreme Court justice (1939-1975). Committed liberal.

Answer 237

1909-1913, Republican, issue - conservation policies, antitrust laws, tariff, against Bryan. Dollar diplomacy

Answer 238

Admiral of US fleet in Pacific in WWII.

Answer 239

1841, Whig Party, issue = avoided banking, tariff, internal improvments, slavery, loose vs strict construction, died

Answer 240

1993-2001, youngest to be reeelected, Democrat ever since FDR, universal healthcare, higher taxes on wealthy, cut federal budget deficit, freedom choice of abortion = success

Answer 241

Three-time candidate for president for the Democratic Party, nominated because of support from the Populist Party. He never won, but was the most important Populist in American history. He later served as Woodrow Wilson's Secretary of State (1913-1915).

Answer 242

(GB1) 2000 EPA, antipollution, tighten automobile emissiosn

Answer 243

A militant abolitionist, he became editor of the Boston publication, The Liberator, in 1831. Under his leadership, The Liberator gained national fame and notoriety due to his quotable and inflammatory language, attacking everything from slave holders to moderate abolitionists, and advocating northern secession

Answer 244

He had been appointed as Justice of the Peace in the District of Columbia by President John Adams shortly before leaving office, but John Marshall, Adamâ€™s Secretary of State didnâ€™t deliver his commission as required. When Thomas Jefferson became President, he ordered the new Secretary of State, James Madison, to not deliver his commission. Marbury petitioned and brought the case to the Supreme Court, but was unsuccessful and never became a Justice of the Peace in the District of Columbia.

Answer 245

Ran a network of corrupt NYC officials called the Tweed ring. Tammany Hall. Name synonomous with municipal corruption. Boss Tweed.

Answer 246

Led the US during the Spanish-American war. US also annexed Philippines in his presidency. Republican president who believed in the gold standard. His presidency was a time of rising jingoism and imperialism. Was assassinated by an anarchist.

Answer 247

Penn, an English Quaker, founded Pennsylvania in 1682, after receiving a charter from King Charles II the year before. He launched the colony as a "holy experiment" based on religious tolerance.

Answer 248

British secretary of state during the French and Indian War. He brought the British/colonial army under tight British control and started drafting colonists, which led to riots.

Answer 249

Pioneer in the kind of sensational reporting often called Yellow Journalism. Helped whip up hostility toward Spain, which led to the Spanish American war.

Answer 250

Secretary of State under Lincoln and Andrew Johnson. Best known for purchase of Alaska from Russia in 1967 for seven million dollars.

Answer 251

(AL) , scorched earth" policies that he implemented in conducting total war. Leading Union general. Known for saying 'War is Hell.'

Answer 252

(JP), David Wilmot Bill that would ban slavery in the territories acquired after the War with Mexico (1846), Calhoun against with his compact theory (govt. created by states)

Answer 253

(GC2) 1894, This tariff passed by Congress in 1894 restricted US sugar imports. The tariff led to an economic downturn in Cuba, and in turn helped to increase the anger of Cuban natives against colonial Spain. Was 40% rate compared to McKinley Tariff, however again he was defeated on tariff program

Answer 254

Set idealistic goals for peace

Answer 255

He commanded the main expedition inland on Mexico in 1847. He was known as â€œOld Fuss and Feathersâ€ because of his resplendent uniforms and strict discipline. He was unable to do as he pleased because of his inadequate number of troops, the terrain, disease, etc. He battled his way to Mexico City by September 1847.

Answer 256

Haywood was the leader of the Wobblies. The International Workers of the World (Wobblies) were a militant, radical union. They favored socialism and opposed free enterprise. They were disliked by big business and less radical unions.

Answer 257

Women's group encouraging abstinence from alcohol. Leading force for prohibition.

Answer 258

A movement to secure legal, economic and social equality for women. Galvanized by work of Betty Friedan. Worked for equal pay, improved day care and abortion rights.

Answer 259

Woman's Right Convention, prominent feminists read Declaration of Sentiments: "all men and women are created equal"

Answer 260

(WW) , National American Woman Suffrage Association formed in 1910 carries cause of women's suffrage to victory, granted suffrage in the 19th amendment, women also began to replace men in industries during the war

Answer 261

Organized by female activists, helped give femal reformers an national stage for social investigation and advocacy.

Answer 262

President 1912-21. Initially opposed involvement in WWI, but later drawn in so 'the world may be made safe for democracy.' Created his 14 points for peace, encouraged creation of the League of Nations. Senate refused entry. Won Nobel prize.

Answer 263

Supreme Court Decision - Cherokee Indians were entitled to federal protection from the actions of state governments which would infringe on the tribe's sovereignty - Jackson ignored it

Answer 264

Program of the New Deal to perform public works to put people back to work.

Answer 265

A type of slowdown used by workers. It is not completely covered by US labor law.

Answer 266

Creek in SD where US killed large number of Sioux in 1890. Last major military conflict between whites and Native Americans.

Answer 267

(FDR) Hitler, Mussolini (Axis with H), Winston Churchill, SW - Stimson, SN - Knox, (FDR), MacArthur

Answer 268

Famous US Marshall in Dodge City, took part in famous gunfight at the OK Corral in Tombstone AZ in 1881

Answer 269

Incident in which French officials demanded a bribe to speak to American diplomats. Published in newspapers (but French names were replaced with X, Y, and Z) and completely reversed American sentiment towards France.

Answer 270

Founded in 1701, it was the third college of the colonies.

Answer 271

(FDR) 1945, want quick end to war "The Big Three" FDR, Churchill and Stalin met at Yalta. Russia agreed to declare war on Japan after the surrender of Germany and in return FDR and Churchill promised the USSR concession in Manchuria and the territories that it had lost in the Russo-Japanese War, Stalin broke promise on free elections and representative govt.

Answer 272

Inflammatory, irresponsible reporting by newspapers to incite war. Used by William Randolph Hearst to incite the Spanish-American war.

Answer 273

A supposed threat to the US posed by Japan and China. Fear of asian immigration and Japan's rising military power.

Answer 274

(RN), , This was a war fought by Israel and neighboring Arab nations where the Arabs launched a surprise attack during Yom Kippur. U.S. support for Israel during the war led to OPEC boycotting the U.S., creating an energy crisis.

Answer 275

Because of their lack of success in suppressing the Revolution in the northern colonies, in early 1780 the British switched their strategy and undertook a series of campaigns through the southern colonies. This strategy was equally unsuccessful, and the British decided to return to their main headquarters in New York City. While marching from Virginia to New York, British commander Lord Cornwallis became trapped in Yorktown on the Chesapeake Bay. His troops fortified the town and waited for reinforcements. The French navy, led by DeGrasse, blocked their escape. After a series of battles, Cornwallis surrendered to the Continental Army on October 19, 1781, which ended all major fighting in the Revolutionary War.

Answer 276

Twelfth President - Famous general in Mexican War - Whig President - Opposed the spread of slavery - Encouraged territories to organize and seek admission directly a states to avoid the issue of slavery. - Died suddenly in1850; replaced by Millard Fillmore

Answer 277

1917 - Germany sent this to Mexico instructing an ambassador to convince Mexico to go to war with the U.S. It was intercepted and caused the U.S. to mobilized against Germany, which had proven it was hostile

Answer 278

The Zoot Suit Riots were a series of riots that erupted in Los Angeles, California during World War II, between sailors and soldiers stationed in the city and Mexican American youth gangs headed by pachucos, recognized because of the zoot suits they favored. The riots began in the racially charged atmosphere of Los Angeles, where the sailors, soldiers and marines returning from the war had already come into conflict with the local Mexican zoot suiters. On June 3, 1943, a group of servicemen on leave complained that they had been assaulted by a gang of pachucos. In response, they gathered and headed out to downtown and East Los Angeles, which was the center of the Mexican community. Once there, they attacked all the men they found wearing zoot suits, often ripping off the suits and burning them in the streets. In many instances, the police intervened by arresting beaten-up Mexican-American youth for disturbing the peace. African Americans and Filipino Americans suffered the same fate as Mexican Americans [1]. Several hundred pachucos and nine sailors were arrested as a result of the fighting that occurred over the next few days. Of the nine sailors that were arrested, eight were released with no charges, and one had to pay a small fine. The Mexican-Americans were not as fortunate. Many died in jail from their injuries because they were in dire need of medical attention. Many more were convicted of crimes that they did not commit. The government finally intervened on June 7, by declaring that Los Angeles would henceforth be off-limits to all military personnel. In response to the riots Eleanor Roosevelt wrote in her weekly column about the problems faced by the Mexican American community as a result of racism in the United States.

Answer 279

Powers of states and people. Anything not in the constitution is left to the states.

Answer 280

Generally, a state is immune from suit by an individual. However, a state can consent to be sued, or Congress can abrogate a state's immunity, as long as it is within Congress' authority to do so (i.e. constitutional authority).

Answer 281

(1795): Clarifies judicial power over foreign nationals, and limits ability of citizens to sue states in federal courts and under federal law.

Answer 282

(1804): Changes the method of presidential elections so that members of the electoral college cast separate ballots for president and vice president.

Answer 283

(1865): Abolishes slavery and grants Congress power to enforce abolition.

Answer 284

(1868): Defines United States citizenship; prohibits states from abridging citizens' privileges or immunities and right to due process and the equal protection of the law; repeals the three-fifths compromise.

Answer 285

(1870): Prohibits the federal government and the states from using a citizen's race, color, or previous status as a slave as a qualification for voting.

Answer 286

(1913): Authorizes unapportioned federal taxes on income.

Answer 287

(1913): Establishes direct election of senators.

Answer 288

(1919): Prohibited the manufacturing, importing, and exporting of beverage alcohol. Repealed by the Twenty-First Amendment.

Answer 289

An American piece of legislation that guaranteed certain rights to people with disabilities.

Answer 290

(1920): Prohibits the federal government and the states from using a citizen's sex as a qualification for voting.

Answer 291

Freedom of speech, press, religion, peaceable assembly, and to petition the government.

Answer 292

(1933): Changes details of Congressional and presidential terms and of presidential succession. (lame duck ammendment)

Answer 293

(1933): Repeals Eighteenth Amendment but permits states to retain prohibition and ban the importation of alcohol.

Answer 294

(1951): Limits president to two terms.

Answer 295

(1961): Grants presidential electors to the District of Columbia.

Answer 296

(1964): Prohibits the federal government and the states from requiring the payment of a tax as a qualification for voting for federal officials. (poll taxes)

Answer 297

(1967): Changes details of presidential succession, provides for temporary removal of president, and provides for replacement of the vice president.

Answer 298

(1971): Prohibits the federal government and the states from using an age greater than 18 as a qualification to vote.

Answer 299

(1992): Limits congressional pay raises. Was one of original 12 bill of rights.

Answer 300

Right to keep and bear arms.

Answer 301

Protection from quartering of troops.

Answer 302

Protection from unreasonable search and seizure.

Answer 303

a political group organized under section 527 of the IRS Code that may accept and spend unlimited amounts of money on election activites so long as they are not spent on broadcast ads run in the last 30 days before a primary or 60 days before a general election where a clearly identified candidate is referred to and a relevant electorate is targeted; these groups were important to the 2000 and 2004 elections

Answer 304

Due process, double jeopardy, self-incrimination, private property.

Answer 305

Trial by jury, speedy trial, and other rights of the accused.

Answer 306

Civil trial by jury.

Answer 307

Prohibition of excessive bail, as well as cruel or unusual punishment.

Answer 308

Protection of rights not specifically enumerated in the Bill of Rights.

Answer 309

A proverbial expression that illustrates the principle of individual privacy, which is fundamental to the American system of government. In this regard, the Fourth Amendment to the United States Constitutionâ€”part of the Bill of Rightsâ€”prohibits â€œunreasonable searches and seizures.â€ â€¡ Disagreement over the extent of personal privacy and over interpretation of unreasonable has brought many cases before the Supreme Court.

Answer 310

Section 1 establishes the name of the Legislature to be The Congress, a bicameral, or two-part, body.

Answer 311

Section 10, finally, prohibits the states from several things. They cannot make their own money, or declare war, or do most of the other things prohibited Congress in Section 9. They cannot tax goods from other states, nor can they have navies.

Answer 312

Section 2 defines the House of Representatives, known as the lower house of Congress. It establishes a few minimum requirements, like a 25-year-old age limit, and establishes that the people themselves will elect the members for two years each. The members of the House are divided among the states proportionally, or according to size, giving more populous states more representatives in the House. The leader of the House is the Speaker of the House, chosen by the members.

Answer 313

Section 3 defines the upper house of Congress, the Senate. Again, it establishes some minimum requirements, such as a 30-year-old age limit. Senators were originally appointed by the legislatures of the individual states, though this later changed. They serve for six years each. Each state has equal suffrage in the Senate, meaning that each state has the exact same number of Senators, two each, regardless of the population. This Section introduces the Vice-President, who is the leader of the Senate (called the President of the Senate); the Vice-President does not vote unless there is a tie.

Answer 314

Section 4 says that each state may establish its own methods for electing members of the Congress, and mandates, or requires, that Congress must meet at least once per year.

Answer 315

Section 5 says that Congress must have a minimum number of members present in order to meet, and that it may set fines for members who do not show up. It says that members may be expelled, that each house must keep a journal to record proceedings and votes, and that neither house can adjourn without the permission of the other.

Answer 316

Section 6 establishes that members of Congress will be paid, that they cannot be detained while traveling to and from Congress, that they cannot hold any other office in the government while in the Congress.

Answer 317

Section 7 details how bills become law. First, any bill for raising money (such as by taxes or fees) must start out in the House. All bills must pass both houses of Congress in the exact same form. Bills that pass both houses are sent to the President. He can either sign the bill, in which case it becomes law, or he can veto it. In the case of a veto, the bill is sent back to Congress, and if both houses pass it by a two-thirds majority, the bill becomes law over the President's veto. This is known as overriding a veto. There are a couple more options for the President. First, if he neither vetoes a bill nor signs it, it becomes a law without his signature after 10 days. The second option is called a pocket veto. It occurs if Congress sends the bill to the President and they then adjourn. If the President does not sign the bill within 10 days, it does not become law.

Answer 318

Section 8 lists specific powers of Congress, including the power to establish and maintain an army and navy, to establish post offices, to create courts, to regulate commerce between the states, to declare war, and to raise money. It also includes a clause known as the Elastic Clause which allows it to pass any law necessary for the carrying out of the previously listed powers.

Answer 319

Section 9 places certain limits on Congress. Certain legal items, such as suspension of habeas corpus, bills of attainder, and ex post facto laws are prohibited. No law can give preference to one state over another; no money can be taken from the treasury except by duly passed law, and no title of nobility, such as Prince or Marquis, will ever be established by the government.

Answer 320

Section 1 establishes the office of the President and the Vice-President, and sets their terms to be four years. Presidents are elected by the Electoral College, whereby each state has one vote for each member of Congress. Originally, the President was the person with the most votes and the Vice-President was the person with the second most, though this is later changed. Certain minimum requirements are established again, such as a 35-year minimum age. Presidents must also be a natural-born citizen of the United States. The President is to be paid a salary, which cannot change, up or down, as long as he in is office.

Answer 321

Section 2 gives the President some important powers. He is commander-in-chief of the armed forces and of the militia (National Guard) of all the states; he has a Cabinet to aid him, and can pardon criminals. He makes treaties with other nations, and picks many of the judges and other members of the government (all with the approval of the Senate).

Answer 322

Section 3 establishes the duties of the President: to give a state of the union address, to make suggestions to Congress, to act as head of state by receiving ambassadors and other heads of state, and to be sure the laws of the United States are carried out.

Answer 323

Section 4 briefly discusses the removal of the President, called impeachment.

Answer 324

Section 1 establishes the Supreme Court, the highest court in the United States. It also sets the terms of judges, of both the Supreme Court and lower courts: that they serve as long as they are on "good behavior," which usually means for life (no Justice and only a few judges have ever been impeached). It also requires that judges shall be paid.

Answer 325

Section 2 sets the kinds of cases that may be heard by the federal judiciary, which cases the Supreme Court may hear first (called original jurisdiction), and that all other cases heard by the Supreme Court are by appeal. It also guarantees trial by jury in criminal court.

Answer 326

Section 3 defines, without any question, what the crime of treason is.

Answer 327

Section 1 mandates that all states will honor the laws of all other states; this ensures, for example, that a couple married in Florida is also considered married by Arizona, or that someone convicted of a crime in Virginia is considered guilty by Wyoming.

Answer 328

Section 2 guarantees that citizens of one state be treated equally and fairly like all citizens of another. It also says that if a person accused of a crime in one state flees to another, they will be returned to the state they fled from. This section also has a clause dealing with fugitive slaves that no longer applies.

Answer 329

Section 3 concerns the admittance of new states and the control of federal lands.

Answer 330

Section 4 ensures a republican form of government (which, in this case, is synonymous with "representative democracy," and both of which are opposed to a monarchical or aristocratic scheme - the state derives its power from the people, not from a king or gentry) and guarantees that the federal government will protect the states against invasion and insurrection.

Answer 331

prohibited devotional bible reading in schools

Answer 332

The right of teachers and students to express their ideas in the classroom or in writing, free from political, religious, or institutional restrictions, even if these ideas are unpopular.

Answer 333

Precipitation in the form of rain, snow, or dust particles, the increased acidity of which is caused by environmental factors such as pollutants released into the atmosphere. (Ch. 21)

Answer 334

The view that judges should discern the general principles underlying the Constitution and its often vague language and assess how best to apply them in contemporary circumstances, in some cases with the guidance of moral or economic philosophy. (Ch. 14)

Answer 335

Court that makes decisions that forge new ground such as Roe v. Wade or Brown v. Board of Education and establish precedent that often result in some form of legislative action

Answer 336

Individuals, usually outside of government, who actively promote a political party, philosophy, or issue they care about. (Ch. 6)

Answer 337

A method of organizing a president's staff in which several task forces, committees, and informal groups of friends and advisers deal directly with the president. (Ch. 12)

Answer 338

Discrimination in hiring, promotions, wages, or firing/layoffs. Statements or specifications in job notices or advertisements of age preference and limitations. Denial of benefits to older employees. An employer may reduce benefits based on age only if the cost of providing the reduced benefits to older workers is the same as the cost of providing full benefits to younger workers., Since 1978 it has prohibited mandatory retirement in most sectors, with phased elimination of mandatory retirement for tenured workers, such as college professors, in 1993. The ADEA was later amended in 1986 and again in 1991 by the Older Workers Benefit Protection Act (Pub. L. 101-433) and the Civil Rights Act of 1991 (P.L. 102-166). The ADEA differs from the Civil Rights Act in that the ADEA applies to firms of 20 or more workers (see 29 U.S.C. § 630(b)) rather than 15 or more workers, thus providing less protection.

Answer 339

A quasi-judicial process in which a bureaucratic agency settles disputes between two parties in a manner similar to the way courts resolve disputes

Answer 340

The ability of bureaucrats to make choices concerning the best way to implement congressional intentions

Answer 341

A national press that is suspicious of officialdom and eager to break an embarrassing story about a public official. (Ch. 10)

Answer 342

a system of law where the court is seen as a neutral area where disputants can argue the merits of their cases.

Answer 343

Power of the Senate regarding presidential appointments.

Answer 344

Local television stations that carry the programming of a national network

Answer 345

government-mandated programs that seek to create special employment opportunities for african americans, women, and other victims of past discrimination.

Answer 346

Abbreviation for the American Federation of Laborâ€“Congress of Industrial Organizations, two groups that merged in 1955 to become the largest federation of labor unions in the United States. Member unions, including a variety of workers from machinists to musicians, make up over seventy percent of the unionized labor force in the United States. â€¡ Though officially nonpartisan, the AFL-CIO has strong traditional ties with the Democratic party.

Answer 347

The Age Discrimination in Employment Act of 1967, prohibits employment discrimination against persons 40 years of age or older. The law also sets standards for pensions and benefits provided by employers and requires that information about the needs of older workers be provided to the general public.

Answer 348

Policy goals typically set by political parties.

Answer 349

An oil pipeline that runs eight hundred miles from oil reserves in Prudhoe Bay, on the northern coast of Alaska, to the port of Valdez, on Alaskaâ€™s southern coast, from which the oil can be shipped to markets. Also called the Trans-Alaska pipeline. â€¡ After oil was discovered in Prudhoe Bay in 1968, construction of the pipeline was delayed for several years, as conservationists warned against the effects of the pipeline on the ecosystems through which it would run. â€¡ In 1989 an environmental disaster occurred when an oil tanker, the Exxon Valdez, ran aground and leaked millions of gallons of oil into Prince William Sound, causing the largest oil spill in U.S. history

Answer 350

(AWL-duhr-muhn) A member of a city council. Aldermen usually represent city districts, called wards, and work with the mayor to run the city government. Jockeying among aldermen for political influence is often associated with machine politics

Answer 351

Addition to the Constitution. Amendments require approval by two-thirds of both houses of Congress and three-quarters of the states.

Answer 352

An organization founded in 1920 in the wake of the red scare to defend civil liberties. The ACLU has often defended the rights of individuals aligned with unpopular causes, including American communists and Nazis.

Answer 353

the widespread belief that the US is a land of opportunity and that individual initiative and hard work can bring economic success

Answer 354

The largest organization of American veterans, open to those who participated in World War I, World War II, the Korean War, the Vietnam War, the Persian Gulf War, and subsequent conflicts, such as Americaâ€™s war on terrorism. The American Legion has established an influential political position, gaining support in Congress and the federal executive branch for veteransâ€™ interests; its efforts contributed to the creation of the Veterans Administration, now the Department of Veterans Affairs, which provides medical services and other benefits to veterans and their families. Traditionally conservative, the American Legion promotes patriotism and a strong military defense. (See also Veterans of Foreign Wars.)

Answer 355

Political party of the 1850s. The Know-Nothings (so named becaus of their secretiveness) pursued nativist goals, including severe limitations on immigration.

Answer 356

Act that required employers, schools, and public buildings to reasonably accommodate the physical needs of handicapped individuals by providing such things as ramps and elevators with appropriate facilities.

Answer 357

"Friend of the Court"; a third party to a lawsuit who files a legal brief for the purpose of raising additional points of view in an attempt to influence a court's decision.

Answer 358

A convention held in September 1786 to consider problems of trade and navigation, attended by five states and important because it issued the call to Congress and the states for what became the Constitutional Convention

Answer 359

Opponents of a strong central government who campaigned against ratification of the Constitution in favor of a confederation of largely independent states. Antifederalists successfully marshaled public support for a federal bill of rights. After ratification, they formed a political party to support states' rights. See also Federalists (Ch. 2)

Answer 360

federal laws that try to prevent a monopoly from dominating an industry and restraining trade (examples: Sherman Act of 1890)

Answer 361

Court that generally reviews only findings of law made by lower courts

Answer 362

Courts that have the right to review cases from lower courts on appeal. The highest federal court, the Supreme Court, is the final court of appeal.

Answer 363

The allocation of seats in a legislature or of taxes according to a plan. In the United States Congress, for example, the apportionment of seats in the House of Representatives is based on the relative population of each state, whereas the apportionment in the Senate is based on equal representation for every state. (See also gerrymander.)

Answer 364

The grant of money by a legislature for some specific purpose. The authority to grant appropriations, popularly known as the power of the purse, gives legislatures a powerful check over executive branches and judicial branches, for no public money can be spent without legislative approval. Congress, for example, can approve or reject the annual budget requests of the executive branch for its agencies and programs, thereby influencing both domestic and foreign policy. (See also checks and balances and pork-barrel legislation.)

Answer 365

Congressional legislation that has spending as a basic characteristic. There are 13 appropriation bills that make up the federal budget.

Answer 366

The settling of disputes (especially labor disputes) between two parties by an impartial third party, whose decision the contending parties agree to accept. Arbitration is often used to resolve conflict diplomatically to prevent a more serious confrontation.

Answer 367

The GAAP is not written in law, although the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) requires that it be followed in financial reporting by publicly traded companies.

Answer 368

Form of government in which power in concentrated in the hands of the upper social class.

Answer 369

Agreements reached by countries with the aim of reducing the proliferation of military weapons such as the Antiballistic Missile Treaty (1972), the first Strategic Arms Limitation Treaty (1972), the second Strategic Arms Limitation Treaty (1979), the Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces Treaty (1987), the first Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty (1991), and the second Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty (1993).

Answer 370

Court hearing where a person accused of a crime is formally charged.

Answer 371

Legislative Power

Answer 372

Executive Power

Answer 373

Judicial Power

Answer 374

States Powers & Limits

Answer 375

Process of Ammendment

Answer 376

Federal Power

Answer 377

Article 7 details the method for ratification, or acceptance, of the Constitution: of the original 13 states in the United States, nine had to accept the Constitution before it would officially go into effect.

Answer 378

The United States' first constitution. The government formed by the Aritcles of Confederation lasted from 1781 (the year before the end of the Revolutionary War) to 1789. The government under the Articles proved inadequate, because it did not have the power to collect taxes from the states, nor could it regulate foreign trade in order to generate revenue from import and export tariffs.

Answer 379

The specific charges brought against a president or federal judge by the House

Answer 380

struck down a federal ban on virtual child pornography

Answer 381

A government program financed by general income taxes that provides benefits to poor citizens without requiring contributions from them. (Ch. 17)

Answer 382

An agency of the United States government from 1946 to 1974 that was charged with controlling and developing the use of atomic energy for civilian and military purposes. In 1974, the AEC was abolished, and its duties were divided between two new agencies: the Energy Research and Development Administration (now a part of the Department of Energy) and the Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC).

Answer 383

those citizens who follow public affairs carefully

Answer 384

The head of the United States Department of Justice and a member of the presidentâ€™s cabinet. The attorney general is the chief law enforcement officer of the United States government

Answer 385

A government-printed ballot of uniform size and shape to be cast in secret that was adopted by many states around 1890 in order to reduce the voting fraud associated with party-printed ballots cast in public. (Ch. 6)

Answer 386

The right to use power. (Ch. 1)

Answer 387

Legislative permission to begin or continue a government program or agency. An authorization bill may grant permission to spend a certain sum of money, but that money does not ordinarily become available unless it is also appropriated. Authorizations may be annual, multiyear, or permanent. See also Appropriation (Ch. 13)

Answer 388

Form of government in which power is concentrated in the hands of a single individual.

Answer 389

A public official's explanation of current policy provided to the press on the condition that the source remain anonymous. (Ch. 10)

Answer 390

Ordered state legislative districts to be as near to equal in population as possible. "one man one vote"

Answer 391

(BAK-ee) An important ruling on affirmative action given by the Supreme Court in 1978. Allan Bakke, a white man, was denied admission to a medical school that had admitted black candidates with weaker academic credentials. Bakke contended that he was a victim of racial discrimination. The Court ruled that Bakke had been illegally denied admission to the medical school, but also that medical schools were entitled to consider race as a factor in admissions. The Court thus upheld the general principle of affirmative action.

Answer 392

Public policy that advocates that the federal budget spends as much money as it receives. Attempt made to pass a constitutional amendment mandating this policy failed.

Answer 393

Any satisfaction, monetary or nonmonetary, that people believe they will enjoy if a policy is adopted. See also Cost (Ch. 15)

Answer 394

Consisting of two legislative houses. The US has a bicameral legilature; its two houes are the House of Representatives and the Senate.

Answer 395

A proposed law

Answer 396

A law that declares a person, without a trial, to be guilty of a crime. The state legislatures and Congress are forbidden to pass such acts by Article I of the Constitution. (Ch. 2)

Answer 397

First ten amendments to the US Constitution. The Bill of Rights guarantee personal liberties and limit the powers of the government.

Answer 398

Refers to two political parties working together to reach a common policy goal.

Answer 399

Laws denying most legal rights to newly freed slaves; passed by southern states following the Civil War

Answer 400

A primary in which voters may cast ballots in either party's primary (but not both) on an office-by-office basis

Answer 401

broad grants to states for prescribed activities (welfare, child care, edu, social services, preventive health care, health services), very flexible

Answer 402

Laws that prohibit certain businesses from opening on Sunday or from selling certain items on that day. Blue laws often apply to bars and to alcohol sales. Originally enacted to allow observation of Sunday as a Sabbath, blue laws have come under attack as violating the separation of church and state. The courts, however, have upheld most blue laws, on the basis that their observance has become secular and promotes Sunday as a day of rest and relaxation.

Answer 403

A concerted effort to get people to stop buying goods and services from a company or person in order to punish that company or to coerce its owner into changing policies. (Ch. 15)

Answer 404

The division of government into executive, legislative, and judicial branches. In the case of the federal government, the three branches were established by the Constitution. The executive branch consists of the president, the cabinet, and the various departments and executive agencies. The legislative branch consists of the two houses of Congress, the Senate and the House of Representatives, and their staff. The judicial branch consists of the Supreme Court and the other federal courts.

Answer 405

A friend of the court opinion offered by Louis Brandeis, in the Supreme Court case Muller v. Oregon (1908), which spoke about inherent differences between men and women in the workplace.

Answer 406

Those political issues specifically directed at the daily concerns of most working-class Americans, such as job security, tax rates, wages, and employee benefits.

Answer 407

A document containing the legal written arguments in a case filed with a court by a party prior to a hearing or trial

Answer 408

Belief that the Constitution should be interpreted loosely concerning the restrictions it places on federal power. Loose constructionists emphasize the importance of the elastic clause.

Answer 409

the 1954 case in which the Supreme Court overturned the "separate but equal" (Plessy v. Ferguson in 1896) standard as it applied to education

Answer 410

The total amount of air pollution that can come from a given factory. A company is free to decide which specific sources within that factory must be reduced and how to meet the bubble standard. (Ch. 21)

Answer 411

campaign spending--legislaters can limit contributions but one can spend their own money as much as they want (donation caps)

Answer 412

A document that announces how much the government will collect in taxes and spend in revenues and how those expenditures will be allocated among various programs. (Ch. 16)

Answer 413

A situation in which the government spends more money than it takes in from taxes and fees. (Ch. 16)

Answer 414

A proposal submitted by the House and Senate budget committees to their respective chambers recommending a total budget ceiling and a ceiling for each of several spending areas (such as health or defense) for the current fiscal year. These budget resolutions are intended to guide the work of each legislative committee as it decides what to spend in its area. (Ch. 16)

Answer 415

A situation in which the government takes in more money than it spends. (Ch. 16)

Answer 416

The ability to use the office of the presidency to promote a particular program and/or to influence Congress to accept legislative proposals.

Answer 417

a tactic of political action committees whereby they collect contributions from like-minded individuals (limited to $2000 each) and present them to a candidate or political party as a "bundle" thus increasing their influence

Answer 418

An agency in the Treasury department that issues US Bonds.

Answer 419

A set of complex hierarchical departments, agencies, commissions, and their staffs that exist to help a chief executive officer carry out his or her duty to enforce the law.

Answer 420

a career government employee

Answer 421

The appointed officials who operate government agencies from day to day. (Ch. 1)

Answer 422

Warren Burger was appointed by Richard Nixon in 1969 as the 15th Chief Justice of the Supreme Court. The Court he presided over was more conservative than the Warren Court, handing over more power to the states through the Court's decisions.

Answer 423

use of 14th ammendment equal protection clause to stop the florida recount in 2000

Answer 424

The movement of students from one neighborhood to a school in another neighborhood, usually by bus and usually to break down de facto segregation of public schools. â€¡ A Supreme Court decision in 1971 ruling that busing was an appropriate means of achieving integrated schools (see integration) was received with widespread, sometimes violent, resistance, particularly among whites into whose neighborhoods and schools black children were to be bused. In 1991, the Court ruled that school districts could end busing if they had done everything â€œpracticableâ€ to eliminate the traces of past discrimination.

Answer 425

A group of presidential advisers, composed of the heads of the fourteen government departments (the secretaries of the Department of Agriculture, Department of Commerce, Department of Defense, Department of Education, Department of Energy, Department of Health and Human Services, Department of Housing and Urban Development, Department of the Interior, Department of Labor, Department of State, Department of Transportation, Department of the Treasury, Department of Veterans Affairs, and the attorney general (head of the Department of Justice)â€”all of whom are appointed by the president and confirmed by the Senate) and a few other select government officials. Theoretically, the cabinet is charged with debating major policy issues and recommending action by the executive branch; the actual influence of the cabinet, however, is limited by competition from other advisory staffs.

Answer 426

State, Treasury, Defense, Attorney General, Interior, Agriculture, Commercie, Labor, Health and Human Services, HUD, Transportation, Energy, Education, Vetrans Affairs, Homeland Security

Answer 427

Legislation aimed at placing limits on political candidates accepting money and gifts from individuals and special interest groups.

Answer 428

how voters feel about a candidate's background, personality, leadership ability, and other personal qualities

Answer 429

A crime, such as murder or betrayal of oneâ€™s country, that is treated so seriously that death may be considered an appropriate punishment.

Answer 430

The infliction of the death penalty as punishment for certain crimes. (See capital offense.) â€¡ In the United States, capital punishment has been an extremely controversial issue on legal, moral, and ethical grounds. In 1972, the Supreme Court ruled that the death penalty was not, in principle, cruel and unusual punishment (and not, therefore, unconstitutional), but that its implementation through existing state laws was unconstitutional. In 1976, the Supreme Court again ruled that the death penalty was not unconstitutional, though a mandatory death penalty for any crime was. Thirty-nine states now practice the death penalty.

Answer 431

Economic system that favors private control of business and minimal gov't control/regulation of private industry

Answer 432

A hill in Washington, D.C., on which the United States Capitol building sits. (See photo, next page.) The House of Representatives and the Senate meet in the Capitol. (See on the Hill.)

Answer 433

process of solving constituents' problems dealing with the bureaucracy

Answer 434

Federal grants for specific purposes defined by federal law: to build an airport, for example, or to make welfare payments to low-income mothers. Such grants usually require that the state or locality put up money to "match" some part of the federal grants, though the amount of matching funds can be quite small. See also Grants-in-aid; Block grants (Ch. 3)

Answer 435

Congress appropriated funds for specific purposes, allocated by formula and are subject to detailed federal conditions, provide federal supervision to ensure that money is spent as planned, local government receiving funds must also invest some of its own funds in the desired endeavors

Answer 436

Party regulars meeting in small groups asking questions, discussing qualifications regarding the candidate, and voting on whether to endorse a particular candidate. The Iowa caucus has taken on almost as much importance as the New Hampshire primary because of its timing.

Answer 437

the process, mandated by the Constitution, by which the population of the U.S. is officially counted every 10 years, data is then used to help distribute federal money and to reapportion congressional districts

Answer 438

U.S. espionage and information-gathering agency. The CIA operates overseas, monitoring the activities of U.S. enemies and potential enemies.

Answer 439

people who favor national action over action at the state and local levels

Answer 440

constitutional grant of powers that enables each of the three branches of government to check some acts of the others and therefore ensure that no branch can dominate

Answer 441

Used to describe the President. Powers found in Article II of the Constitution.

Answer 442

head of the White House staff

Answer 443

A method of organizing a president's staff in which several presidential assistants report directly to the president. (Ch. 12)

Answer 444

A municipal corporation or municipality that has been chartered by a state to exercise certain defined powers and provide certain specific services. (Ch. 3)

Answer 445

A belief that one can affect government policies. (Ch. 4)

Answer 446

A belief that one has an obligation to participate in civic and political affairs. (Ch. 4)

Answer 447

court in which lawsuits are heard.

Answer 448

nonviolent act requiring activists to protest peacefully against laws they believe unjust and to be qilling to accept arrest as a means of demonstrating the justice of their cause (popularized by Henry David Thoreau, practiced by Martin Luther King Jr)

Answer 449

The body of rules defining relationships among private citizens. It consists of both statutes and the accumulated customary law embodied in judicial decisions (the "common law"). See also Criminal law (Ch. 14)

Answer 450

In general, the rights to freedom of thought, expression, and action, and the protection of these rights from government interference or restriction. Civil liberties are the hallmark of liberal, democratic â€œfreeâ€ societies. In the United States, the Bill of Rights guarantees a variety of civil liberties, most notably freedom of assembly, freedom of the press, freedom of religion, and freedom of speech, expressed in the First Amendment. (See civil rights.)

Answer 451

those protections against discrimination by the government and individuals, intended to prevent discrimination based on race, religion, gender, ethnicity, physical handicap, or sexual orientation

Answer 452

federal law that made segregation illegal in most public places, increased penalties and sentences for those convicted of discrimination in employment, and withheld federal aid from schools that discriminated on the basis of race or gender.

Answer 453

The Civil Rights Act of 1968 was meant as a follow-up to the Civil Rights Act of 1964. While the Civil Rights Act of 1866 prohibited discrimination in housing, there were no federal enforcement provisions. The 1968 expanded on previous acts and prohibited discrimination concerning the sale, rental, and financing of housing based on race, religion, national origin, sex, (and as amended) handicap and family status. It also provided protection for civil rights workers. Title VIII of the Act is also known as the Fair Housing Act (of 1968) .

Answer 454

The Civil Rights Act of 1991 is a United States statute that was passed in response to a series of United States Supreme Court decisions limiting the rights of employees who had sued their employers for discrimination. The Act also represented the first effort since the passage of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 to modify some of the basic procedural and substantive rights provided by federal law in employment discrimination cases: it provided for the right to trial by jury on discrimination claims and introduced the possibility of emotional distress damages, while limiting the amount that a jury could award.

Answer 455

These acts removed the staffing of the bureaucracy from political parties and created a professional bureaucracy filled through competition

Answer 456

method of hiring federal employees based on merit rather than on political beliefs or allegiances. replaced the spoils system in the US.

Answer 457

Citizens are allowed to organize and express their views publicly as they engage in open debate about public policy

Answer 458

a lawsuit filed on behalf of a group of people, and whose result affects that group as a whole, interest groups such as the NAACP often use these to assert their influence over policy decisions

Answer 459

An awareness of belonging to a particular socioeconomic class whose interests are different from those of others. Usually used in reference to workers who view their interests as opposite those of managers and business owners. (Ch. 4)

Answer 460

A case brought into court by a person on behalf of not only himself or herself but all other persons in the country under similar circumstances. For example, in Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka, Kansas, the Supreme Court decided that not only Linda Brown but all others similarly situated had the right to attend a local public school of their choice without regard to race. (Ch. 14)

Answer 461

Passed in 1987, this law established safe drinking standards and creates penalties for water polluters.

Answer 462

Law that established national standards for states, strict auto emissions guidelines, and regulations, which set air pollution standards for private industry.

Answer 463

interpretation by justice Oliver Wendell Holmes regarding limits on free speech if it presents clear and present danger to the public or leads to illegal actions; for example, one cannot shout "Fire!" in a crowded theater.

Answer 464

The politics of policy-making in which some small group receives the benefits of the policy and the public at large bears the costs. Only those who benefit have an incentive to organize and press their case. (Ch. 15, 17)

Answer 465

Executive departments directed by law to foster and promote the interests of a specific segment or group in the US population (such as the Department of Education)

Answer 466

Banned presidential use of line item veto

Answer 467

Primary election in which voting is restricted to registered members of a political party.

Answer 468

An order from the House Rules Committee that sets a time limit on debate and forbids a particular bill from being amended on the legislative floor. See also Open rule; Restrictive rule (Ch. 11)

Answer 469

A workplace where an employee must be a member of the union. This was outlawed by the 1947 Taft-Hartley Act.

Answer 470

a procedure for terminating debate, especially filibusters, in the Senate (if three fifths of the total number of the Senate [60 of 100] vote in favor of cloture, no senator may speak on the measure under consideration for more than one hour)

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