Full Review Part I

Question 1

Lack of what makes the heart stop beating? (for anatomy exam purposes)

Answer 1

Potassium

Question 2

What do the purkinje fibers do?

Answer 2

Cause the ventricles of the heart to contract

Question 3

What is the medical term for a heart attack?

Answer 3

Myocardial infarction

Question 4

What is the medical term for a stroke?

Answer 4

Ischemic attack (this is a full stroke, so it may cause brain damage and permanent disability)

Question 5

What chambers are known as the receiving chambers? (2)

Answer 5

1. Left atrium

2. Right atrium

Question 6

What is potential energy?

Answer 6

Stored energy

Question 7

What attaches muscle to bone?

Answer 7

Tendons

Question 8

List 3 processes calcium is required in. (3)

Answer 8

1. Muscle contractions
2. Blood clotting
3. Bone strength

Question 9

What is the most abundant inorganic compound in the body?

Answer 9

Water

Question 10

What does it mean when a compound is “inorganic”?

Answer 10

It does not contain carbon

Question 11

What type of cell structure functions in lipid metabolism?

Answer 11

Smooth endoplasmic reticulum (ER)

Question 12

Define: internal respiration

Answer 12

Gas exchange made between the blood and tissue cells

Question 13

Name the 2 parts of the body which are used only as passageways in digestion. (2)

Answer 13

1. Esophagus

2. Pharynx

Question 14

List 2 parts of the body which may be described as “a cluster of lymphatic tissue”. (2)

Answer 14

1. Lymph nodes

2. Tonsils

Question 15

Differentiate between motor and sensory neurons. (2)

Answer 15

1. Motor = efferent (outwards)

2, Sensory = afferent (inwards)

Question 16

What are the 2 subdivisions of the motor neuron division? (2)

Answer 16

1. Somatic (voluntary)

2. Autonomic (involuntary)

Question 17

What is the central nervous system composed of? (2)

Answer 17

1. Brain

2. Spinal cord

Question 18

List 3 ways protein is used. (3)

Answer 18

1. Construction
2. Cell function
3. Producing antibodies

Question 19

How many pairs of true ribs do humans have?

Answer 19

7 pairs of true ribs

Question 20

How are the bronchi separated into 2?

Answer 20

As left and right bronchi

Question 21

Which bronchi is the main bronchi and how does it differ from the other bronchi? (4)

Answer 21

1. Main bronchi = right bronchi
2. Wider
3. Shorter
4. Straighter

Question 22

Define: passive immunity

Answer 22

Immunity acquired through the antibodies of another human or animal

Question 23

List the 5 types of white blood cells and state their general functions. (5)

Answer 23

1. Neutrophils - phagocytize bacteria
2. Lymphocytes - immune system; produces antibodies
3. Monocytes - clean up debris and phagocytize old tissues; largest white blood cell
4. Eosinophils - kills parasites; allergic reactions
5. Basophils - makes us exhibit allergy symptoms (heparin + histimines)

Question 24

List the 5 functions of the skeletal system. (5)

Answer 24

1. Movement
2. Support
3. Protection
4. Storage
5. Hematopoeisis (blood production)

Question 25

What happens in an adaptive response and what are 3 important aspects of it? (4)

Answer 25

1. Attack against particular foreign substances 2. Systemic 3. Antigen-specific 4. Memory

Question 26

Define: meninges

Answer 26

The 3 layers which cover and protect the brain and spinal cord

Question 27

What does CSF stand for?

Answer 27

Cerebrospinal fluid

Question 28

What happens when a muscle is no longer stimulated by nerves?

Answer 28

It atrophies (wastes away)

Question 29

What is pyruvic acid?

Answer 29

The breakdown of glucose

Question 30

What is the name of the process in which pyruvic acid is converted into lactic acid?

Answer 30

Anaerobic glycolysis and lactic acid formation

Question 31

Define: antagonist muscles

Answer 31

Muscles that act in the opposite way of the prime mover

Question 32

Define: prime mover

Answer 32

Muscle leading a particular movement

Question 33

What happens when a muscle contracts?

Answer 33

The insertion moves towards the origin

Question 34

Define: synovial joint

Answer 34

Fully movable joint

Question 35

State the 6 levels of structural organization. (6)

Answer 35

1. Chemical 2. Cellular 3. Tissue 4. Organ 5. Organ system 6. Organismal body

Question 36

What is the term for the breakdown of substances into simpler substances?

Answer 36

Catabolism

Question 37

Define: catabolism

Answer 37

The breakdown of substances into simpler substances

Question 38

What lymphocytes produce antibodies?

Answer 38

B cells

Question 39

What range of respirations per minute is normal for newborns?

Answer 39

40-60 respirations per minute

Question 40

Define: negative feedback

Answer 40

Stimuli which provokes a change in a variable such that the body must change the variable back to the normal or optimal state/values

Question 41

State 2 examples of negative feedback. (2)

Answer 41

1. Body temperature | 2. Glucose levels

Question 42

Differentiant between the somatic nervous system and the autonomic nervous system. (2)

Answer 42

1. Somatic nervous system = voluntary | 2. Autonomic nervous system = involuntary

Question 43

Are all homeostatic mechanisms positive or negative feedback mechanisms?

Answer 43

Negative feedback mechanisms

Question 44

List the 3 membranes covering and protecting the CNS structures from outer to inner. (3)

Answer 44

1. Dura mater 2. Arachnoid mater 3. Pia mater

Question 45

What is the normal, average pH for urine?

Answer 45

pH 6

Question 46

What is the other name for reflex arcs and how many elements must they have at minimum? (2)

Answer 46

1. Reflex arcs = somatic reflexes | 2. Minimum of 5 elements