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*Anatomy Reviews > Urinary, Integumentary, Nervous, & Endocrine Systems > Flashcards

Urinary, Integumentary, Nervous, & Endocrine Systems Flashcards

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1
Q

List the 3 major structures of the nervous system. (3)

A
  1. Central nervous system
  2. Peripheral nervous system
  3. Autonomic nervous system
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2
Q

What does the central nervous system include? (2)

A
  1. Brain

2. Spinal cord

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3
Q

How many pairs of cranial nerves are there?

A

12 pairs of cranial nerves

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4
Q

How many pairs of spinal nerves are there?

A

31 pairs of spinal nerves

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5
Q

What is “one or more bundles of neuron cells that connect the brain and spinal cord with other parts of the body” called?

A

Nuclei….?????

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6
Q

What kind of tract carries nerve impulses towards the brain?

A

Afferent tract

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7
Q

What does a descending tract do?

A

Carry information AWAY from the brain (efferent)

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8
Q

Define: innervation

A

Innervation: supply of nerves to a body part, as well as the stimulus/stimulation of a body part through nerve action

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9
Q

Define: receptors

A

Sites in the sensory organs that receive external stimulation

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10
Q

State the basic cell of the nervous system.

A

Neuron = basic cell of the nervous system

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11
Q

What are “afferent neurons” also known as?

A

Somatic sensory neurons = afferent neurons

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12
Q

What are “efferent neurons” also known as?

A

Motor neurons = efferent neurons

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13
Q

Differentiate between efferent (motor) and afferent (somatic sensory) neurons. (2)

A
  1. Motor neurons carry information AWAY from the brain = efferent
  2. Somatic sensory neurons carry information TOWARDS the brain = afferent
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14
Q

List 4 parts of the neuron. (4)

A
  1. Cell body
  2. Axon
  3. Myelin sheath
  4. Axon terminal
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15
Q

Define: synapse

A

Synapse: space between a neuron and a receptor organ

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16
Q

What is the space between a neuron and a receptor organ called?

A

Synapse

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17
Q

What kind of messengers are neurotransmitters?

A

Chemical messengers

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18
Q

List the 3 layers of membranes that cover and protect the central nervous system from outer to inner layers. (3)

A
  1. Dura matter → think DURABLE
  2. Arachnoid → spiders…
  3. Pia matter
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19
Q

Define: cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)

A

Cerebrospinal fluid: clear, colourless, watery fluid which serves to nourish, cool, and cushion the brain and spinal cord from shock or injury

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20
Q

What is the liquid which nourishes, cools, and cushions the brain and spinal cord called?

A

Cerebrospinal fluid

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21
Q

List 4 functions of the brain (from the review). (4)

A
  1. Memory
  2. Thought
  3. Association
  4. Critical thinking
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22
Q

List the 5 major functions of the urinary system (not just the kidneys). (5)

A
  1. Acid-base balance
  2. Water balance
  3. Eliminate wastes, toxins, and drugs from the body
  4. Convert vitamin D to the active form
  5. Produce renin to regulate blood pressure
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23
Q

Name the 3 main electrolytes (ions) within the body. (3)

A
  1. Sodium ion
  2. Potassium ion
  3. Chloride ion
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24
Q

What hormone is released when blood volume drops, and what does it do? (2)

A
  1. Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

2. It signals the body to reabsorb more fluids

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25
What are renal calculi and why do they form? (2)
1. Kidney stones | 2. Urine is too concentrated, so the solute crystalizes
26
Define: dysuria
Pain or discomfort when urinating
27
What is a transient ischemic attack?
Temporary stroke (partial stroke)
28
Define: urinary retention
Inability to urinate
29
What is a UTI and what comes out with the urine when one has a UTI? (2)
1. UTI = urinary tract infection | 2. Pus comes out with the urine
30
Define: aldosterone
Hormone that helps to regulate blood composition and blood volume
31
Define: acidosis
Arterial pH below 7.35 → excessive acid in the blood
32
Define: bowman's capsule
Cup-shaped hollow that completely surrounds the gomerulus
33
Differentiate between PCT and DCT. (2)
1. PCT = PROXIMAL convoluted tubule | 2. DCT = DISTAL convoluted tubule
34
What is the loop of Henle?
Nephron loop
35
Define "active transport" and give an example. (2)
1. Active transport: movement of substance across a membrane which requires cellular energy 2. AGAINST the concentration gradient so that you can move from low → high
36
Define: filtrate
Fluid in the glomerular capsule; similar to blood plasma, but without protein
37
What does urine contain? (2)
1. Nitrogenous wastes | 2. Unneeded substances
38
Define: specific gravity
Measurement describing how much heavier or lighter something is compared to distilled water
39
Name the 2 sphincters that control the flow of urine. (2)
1. INTERNAL urethral sphincter | 2. EXTERNAL urethral sphincter
40
List 4 major roles of the kidney in keeping blood composition constant. (4)
1. Excretion of nitrogenous wastes 2. Ensuring proper blood pH 3. Maintaining the water balance of the blood 4. Maintaining electrolyte balance in the blood
41
Differentiate between the AFFERENT and EFFERENT divisions of the nervous system. (2)
1. Afferent = TOWARDS the brain | 2. Efferent = AWAY from the brain
42
What does ANS stand for and what does it regulate? (2)
1. ANS = autonomic nervous system | 2. Involuntary movements
43
What is in the urine that indicates a UTI?
Pus
44
What part of the brain is responsible for smooth, coordinated skeletal muscle movements?
Cerebellum
45
How many elements do reflex arcs have at minimum?
5 elements
46
What part of the brain is injured in a person with aphasia?
Left hemisphere of the bain
47
In what 4 circumstances are burns considered critical? (4)
1. Airway damage 2. Burns on the face, hands, feet, and/or genitals 3. 30% of the body is covered in 2nd degree burns 4. 10% of the body is covered in 3rd or 4th degree burns
48
Define: glycogen
Glycogen: large, polysaccharide molecule → stored energy
49
Define: melatonin
Hormone secreted by the pineal gland which helps regulate/induce sleep
50
Define: glucogon
Antagonist to insulin; hormone from the pancreas which raises blood glucose level
51
Give the full name for the acronyms PTH and ADH. (2)
1. PTH = parathyroid hormone | 2. ADH = antidiuretic hormone
52
Define: Graves disease
Autoimmune disease in which the thyroid produces too much thyroxine (hyperthyroidism)
53
Define: Addison's disease
Condition in which one excretes large amounts of urine (polyuria) due to low aldosterone (hypoaldosteronism )
54
Define: diabetes insipidus
Hyposecretion of antidiuretic hormone → excessive urine output
55
Define: humoral stimuli
Something that causes change in the blood levels of certain ions and nutrients → stimulates hormonal release
56
Define: anuria
Excessively low urine production (less than 100mL/ 24hrs)
57
Define: oliguria
Abnormally low urine production (100-400mL/ 24hrs)
58
What is the functional unit of the kidney?
Nephrons
59
What glands produce oil and what is this oil called? (2)
1. Sebaceous glands | 2. Sebum → oily substance
60
What gland is known as the "master" endocrine gland?
Anterior pituitary gland
61
List the 3 main layers of skin and briefly describe their function. (3)
1. Epidermis → protective rain coat 2. Dermis → binds the body together 3. Cutaneous → fat storage; cushioning
62
What is temporary brain ischemia?
Transient ischemic attack → brain ischemia = stroke → transient = does not last long = temporary
63
What do Schwann cells do?
Produce myelin sheaths around the nerve fibers
64
Define: somatic reflex
Voluntary physical action → happens near-instantly when a certain stimulus is delivered (eg. hot stove)
65
What kind of sensory information does the central nervous system interpret and how does it react? (2)
1. Incoming sensory information | 2. CNS issues instructions based on past experiences and current conditions
66
Define: dendrites
Extension of the nerve cells along which impulses received from other cells are transmitted to the cell body → "tail" of the neuron (like radio antennas catching radio waves)
67
Define: astrocytes
Star-shaped cells responsible for bracing and anchoring neurons to the blood capillaries (nutrient supply lines)
68
What are bundles of nerve fibers running through the central nervous system called?
Nuclei....
69
What are reflex arcs?
Somatic reflexes
70
What are meninges?
The 3 membranes that line and enclose the brain and spinal cord
71
Differentiate between a left-brained person and a right-brained person. (2)
1. Left-brained → analytical | 2. Right-brained → artistic

*Anatomy Reviews (7 decks)

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