functional orgainsation of the brain and spinal cord

Question 1

Anterior name for brain

Answer 1

Rostal

FRONT

Question 2

Posterior name for brain

Answer 2

Caudal

Question 3

dorsal

Answer 3

top of brain

Question 4

ventral

Answer 4

bottom of brain

Question 5

Brainstem and spinal cord

Answer 5

Rostal at top and caudal at bottom

Question 6

Functional divisions of brain (4)

Answer 6

Brainstem
Cerebellum
Dienephalon
Cerebrum

Question 7

Brainstem

Answer 7

Medulla, pons, midbrain

Question 8

Diencephalon

Answer 8

Thalamus and hypothalamus

Question 9

Cerebrum

Answer 9

Cortex, amygdala, hippocampus, basal ganglia, white matter

Question 10

Brain stem fibre tracts

Answer 10

sensory and motor functions via cranial nerves

sensory and motor function of body via spinal cord

Question 11

Medulla function

Answer 11

CVS and respiratoyr control

Nuclei that relay info about taste, hearing, balance , control of neck and facial muscles

Question 12

Pons function

Answer 12

Respiration, sleep, taste, bladder control, hearing, swallowing, taste, eye and facial movements, posture, facial sensation, nuclei that relay info about movement and sensation, major input to cerebellum

Question 13

Midbrain function

Answer 13

Components of auditory and visual systems, auditory and visual reflexes

Question 14

Pineal body of the brainstem

Answer 14

Regulation of the diurnal rhythms

Synthesise melatonin

Question 15

Superior and inferior colliculi of the brainstem

Answer 15

Visual and auditory functions

Question 16

Thalamus location

Answer 16

Alongside 3rd ventricle

Question 17

Thalamus function

Answer 17

Essential for transfer of sesnsory info ( except olfaction)- nuclei in thalamus receive sensory info then relay to cortex

Gates and modulates sensory info

Involved in integration of motor control

Influences attention and consciousness

Question 18

Cerebellum function

Answer 18

Maintaining posture, coordinating head and eye movements, fine tuning movements, motor learning

Question 19

Hypothalamus function

Answer 19

Homeostasis and sexual reproduction
Growth, drinking, eating, maternal behaviors
Connected to pituitary gland =hormonal secretions

Question 20

Cerebrum functions

Answer 20

HIGHER functions

Perceptions, motor planning, cognition, emotion, memory

Question 21

Amygdala

Answer 21

Social behaviours and emotion

Question 22

Hippocampus

Answer 22

Memory

Question 23

Basal ganglia function

Answer 23

MOVEMENT control

Question 24

Axons - white matter

Answer 24

Carry info to and from cortex, between structures

Question 25

Lobes of the cortex

Answer 25

Frontal,parietal, temporal and occipital

Question 26

Sulci vs gyri

Answer 26

``` Sulci = grooves Gyri= raised areas between grooves ```

Question 27

Central nervous system

Answer 27

Brain , spinal cord

Question 28

Peripheral nervous system

Answer 28

Cranial nerves -12 pairs in periphery | Spinal nerves - 31 pairs in periphery

Question 29

Autonomic nervous system

Answer 29

Consists of sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions | 2 neurone chain and ganglia

Question 30

Cerebral arteries distribution

Answer 30

Anterior - motor and sensory cortex of the lower limb Middle - motor and sensory cortex of upper limb and face and auditory cortex Posterior - whole of visual cortex

Question 31

What are watershed infarcts

Answer 31

Where territories overlap - arteries | Perfusion pressure too low - terminal branches loose supply

Question 32

Central sulcus

Answer 32

Frontal from parietal lobe division

Question 33

Cerebral cortex - 2 areas

Answer 33

Sensory cortex- somatosensory cortex, gustatory cortex, visual, olfactory, auditory , vestibular FRONTAL LOBE =Motor cortex - supplementary motor cortex , primary motor cortex, premotor cortex

Question 34

Brodmanns areas of the cerebral cortex

Answer 34

Different numbers | Anatomical distinction - cell body, cell type etc

Question 35

How did we find out that different areas of the cereberal cortex have different functions

Answer 35

``` Post mortems Experiements Taking out certain parts of the brain Learning and memory - hippocampus new memories fMRI - wheres activity ```

Question 36

Anterograde amnesia

Answer 36

Inability to make new memories

Question 37

Somatomotor ns

Answer 37

1 somatic motor fiber

Question 38

2 main blood supplies into the brain

Answer 38

Common arotid- internal cartoid- middle cerebral- anterior cerebral artery Vertebral arteries -along brainstem- basilar artery along pons VENTRAL SURFACE of brain

Question 39

Middle cerebral artery

Answer 39

Lateral surface of frontal and parietal lobe | Occipital

Question 40

Atnerior cerebral artery

Answer 40

medial part Frontal and parietal part

Question 41

Posterior cerebral artery

Answer 41

MEDIAL PART Temporal lobe and occipital

Question 42

main symptoms of a stroke - FAST

Answer 42

Face dropped Arms weak Speech slurred Time - dial 999

Question 43

2 types of strokes

Answer 43

Hemorrhagic- bleeding in brain | Ischemic( o2 deprived) brain tissue

Question 44

Common site of stroke

Answer 44

MIDDLE CEREBRAL ARTERY | controlateral - left side of brain = right side of body

Question 45

Limits of autoregulation of blood flow - above and below

Answer 45

BELOW- central blood flow decreases = ischaemic damage ABOVE- intracranial pressure increases= oedema and crushigng of brain tissue, shifting of brain structures, restriction of blood flow and herniation

Question 46

Local blood flow

Answer 46

Increases very quickly after neuronal excitation Glutamate release - acts of astroctes- increase in calcium- activation of nitric oxide synthase - release of NO - dilation of vessels

Question 47

Detecting changes in local blood flow

Answer 47

Functional MRI Detect rapid changes Changes in blood flow an alter the signal Oxyhaemoglobin and deoxyhaemoglobin RATIO - react differently to magnetic flux Can be used with vascular markers and contrasting agents eg gadolinium