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Gr. 11 Animal Biology > Functions of digestive structures > Flashcards

Functions of digestive structures Flashcards

1
Q

MOUTH:

Describe the esophagus and its function.

A

Long, muscular tube

Carries food from pharynx to stomach

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2
Q

MOUTH:

What is peristalsis? What is its function?

A

The rhythmic, involuntary wave-like contractions of the GI tract’s smooth muscles

Ensures the movement of food through the GI tract

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3
Q

MOUTH:

What are enzymes and what do they do?

A

A protein chemical produced by cells. Increase the rate of biochemical reactions in the body

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4
Q

MOUTH:

Where is the enzyme amylase found? What does it do?

A

Enzyme found in saliva

Breaks down starch into simple sugars

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5
Q

MOUTH:

What is mucus (what does it act as)? What membrane does it form?

A

Protective secretion produced by epithelial cells. Acts as a lubricant

Forms the mucous membrane

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6
Q

MOUTH:

Where is mucus found in the mouth? What is its function here?

A

Found in saliva

Aids in swallowing

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7
Q

STOMACH:

What are sphincters? What do they do?

A

Circular muscles

Contract to close an opening in the body. Control movement of food into and out of stomach.

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8
Q

STOMACH:

Where is the gastroesophageal sphincter located?

What is its function when relaxed and contracted?

A

Located where esophagus joins stomach

Relaxed: allows food to enter stomach

Contracted: prevents food from moving back into esophagus

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9
Q

STOMACH:

Where is the plyoric sphincter located?

A

Located where stomach meets duodenum of small intestine.

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10
Q

STOMACH:

What are the three types of muscle that make up the stomach’s muscularis, from outermost to innermost?

A

Longitudinal, circular, oblique

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11
Q

STOMACH:

Longitudinal muscle runs ________ along the stomach.

A

longitudinally

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12
Q

STOMACH:

Circular muscle wraps _______ the stomach.

A

around

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13
Q

STOMACH:

What is an important characteristic of oblique muscle in the stomach? What is its function?

A

Has small wavy ridges called gastric folds which allow the stomach to expand as well as grip to food as it churns

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14
Q

STOMACH:

What is chyme? What is it produced by?

A

Semi liquid mixture of food and gastric juice.

Produced by the smooth muscles that compose the muscularis

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15
Q

STOMACH:

What is pepsin?

A

A protein-digesting enzyme produced in the stomach

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16
Q

SMALL INTESTINE:

What are villi (sing. villus) and where are they located?

A

Small finger-like projections

Located in the inner layer of the small intestine

17
Q

SMALL INTESTINE:

What are microvilli?

What does the combined effect of microvilli and villi do?

A

Microscopic projections on the cell membrane of the epithelial cells that make up villi

Combined effect increases the surface area for absorbing nutrients greatly

18
Q

SMALL INTESTINE:

What are lacteals?

Where are they located?

A

Small vessels through which digested fats enter the circulatory system

Located within a villus

19
Q

SMALL INTESTINE:

What is the pancreas nestled in between?

A

Stomach and duodenum

20
Q

SMALL INTESTINE:

What passes through the pancreatic duct? Where does it end up?

A

Substances secreted by the pancreas

Enters the duodenum

21
Q

SMALL INTESTINE:

What do exocrine cells do in the pancreas?

A

Secrete pancreatic enzymes

22
Q

SMALL INTESTINE:

What do endocrine cells do in the pancreas?

A

Secrete hormones into the bloodstream that regulate the absorption and storage of glucose from the blood

23
Q

SMALL INTESTINE:

What is the duodenum? What is added to the small intestine by it?

A

First segment of the small intestine

Where most enzymes are added to the small intestine

24
Q

SMALL INTESTINE:

What is cholecystokinin or CCK (when is it secreted)?

What is it secreted by?

What does it signal?

A

The hormone secreted when fat-rich chyme enters the duodenum.

Secreted by special cells in the mucosa of the duodenum

Signals stomach to slow down digestion speed to let the small intestine effectively digest the fats

25
Q

SMALL INTESTINE:

What is the hormone secretin secreted by?

What does it stimulate (3)?

A

Hormone secreted by the duodenum

Stimulates pancreas to release bicarbonate ions to neutralize acidic chyme

Stimulates liver to make more bile

Stimulates pancreatic secretions

26
Q

SMALL INTESTINE:

What is trypsin produced from? What does it do?

A

Produced from trypsinogen

Enzyme that digests protein

27
Q

SMALL INTESTINE:

What is enterokinase?

A

The enzyme that converts inactive trypsinogen into trypsin

28
Q

LIVER/GALL BLADDER:

What is bile produced by? What does it do?

It is stored in the __________ until food enters the _________.

A

Produced by the liver

Breaks down fats into micelles. This provides a greater surfaces area for lipases to act on, resulting in faster breakfown of lipids

Stored in the gall bladder until food enters the duodenum

29
Q

LARGE INTESTINE:

Where is the cecum located?

What is it and what does it do?

A

At the upper end of the large intestine

A pouch that receives processed material from the small intestine

30
Q

LARGE INTESTINE:

The colon is the ______ part of the large intestine

What are the four sections of the colon?

A

Longest

Ascending, transverse, descending, sigmoid

31
Q

LARGE INTESTINE:

The rectum is the last ____ cm of the large intestine.

It stores ______ until they are eliminated through the _____

A

20 cm

feces, anus

32
Q

LARGE INTESTINE:

What is the anus?

The anus is where ______ ______ are eliminated from the bodty

A

The opening at the lower end of the intestine

digestive wastes

33
Q

LARGE INTESTINE:

What is egestion?

A

The removal of digestive wastes from the body

34
Q

STOMACH:

What is pepsinogen?

What converts it into its active form, pepsin?

A

An inactive enzyme that is secreted to prevent damage to the stomach tissue.

Hydrochloric acid in gastric juice

35
Q

In what two places is amylase found?

A

Mouth (saliva) and small intestine

Gr. 11 Animal Biology (7 decks)

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