Functions Of The Brain

Question 1

What pathway for visual perception and what lobe is involved

Answer 1

Anterior Visual Pathway, occipital lobe

Question 2

Three streams in visual perception

Answer 2

Dorsal- Fast, Parietal
Anterior- Fast, PFC and limbic structures
Ventral- Slow, energy intensive , temporal

Question 3

Dysfunction of attention key sign in what disease

Answer 3

Delirium

Question 4

Three main types of memory

Answer 4

Working
Long term
Sensory

Question 5

Where are:
Central executive
ACC / attention controller
Episodic buffer
Phonological loop
Visuo-spatial sketch pad

Answer 5

PFC
Frontal
Parietal
Frontal to temporal
Occipital

Question 6

What forms long term memory and problem if damaged

Answer 6

Hippocampus, anterograde amnesia

Question 7

limbic system structures (for reward and negative emotion)

Answer 7

Positive- nucleus accumbens, medial forebrain bundle, ventral tegmental area

Negative- Amygdala

Question 8

What are the 4 dopamine pathwats

Answer 8

Mesocortical-reward, cognition
Mesolimbic, reward, emotion
Nigrostriatal- iPD
Tubuloinfundibular- prolactin production

Question 9

What structures in mesolimbic and mesocortical pathway release dopamine

Answer 9

Substantia Nigra and VTA

Question 10

Two kinds of apraxia and what lobes are involved

Answer 10

Executive- deficit in sequencing complex movements( SMA and PMA)

Posterior - deficit in spatial construction of complex movements (PPC)

Question 11

What is involved in CST

Answer 11

Motor regions of cerebral cortex
Brainstem
Spinal cord

Question 12

Weakness in CST pathology - which muscles

Answer 12

Biceps and quadriceps

Question 13

What is involved in basal ganglia loop

Answer 13

Cortex
Basal ganglia
Thalamus

Question 14

Lead pipe Vs clasp knife

Answer 14

Hypokinetic movement disorder( rigidity) Vs spasticity in Pyramidal tract disorder

Question 15

Where is dopamine supplied from and where to

Answer 15

From Substantia nigra in midbrain to basal ganglia (striatum in particular)

Question 16

What protein accumulates in Parkinson’s

Answer 16

Alpha synuclein

Question 17

Symptoms of Parkinson’s

Answer 17

Bradykinesia
Rigidity
Tremor
Postural instability

Question 18

Treatment for Parkinson’s and what must it be given with

Answer 18

Levo- DOPA with DOPA decarboxylase inhibitor eg. carbidopa or benserazide ( so dopamine is only converted in CNS)

Question 19

Is tremor EP or pyramidal

Answer 19

Extra pyramidal- normal reflexes and no weakness

Question 20

What kind of tremor in Parkinson’s

Answer 20

Tremor at rest (even when body part is fully supported against gravity)

Question 21

Essential tremor caused by?

Answer 21

Alcohol intoxication
Can be postural (against gravity) or simple kinetic(during entire movement trajectory)

Question 22

Tremor in cerebellar ataxia

Answer 22

Intention tremor- towards specific target

Question 23

Cerebellar loop

Answer 23

Similar to basal ganglia loop

Question 24

Disorders with cerebellar loop

Answer 24

Vertigo
Ataxia
Nystagmus
Intention tremor-
Slurred speech (scarring due to small strokes or MS - difficult to monitor volume of speech and timing)
Hypotonia- occasionally in strike
Dysdiodochokinesis

Question 25

Two types of clinical aphasia

Answer 25

Fluent- Wernicke's or phonological loop - can speak alot without making sense Non fluent- Broca

Question 26

Which area is involved in going to sleep

Answer 26

Ventrolateral pre opticnarea

Question 27

Which areas involved in waking up

Answer 27

Posterior hypothalamus Tuberomamillary nucleus and posterior lateral hypothalamus

Question 28

What is produced in the hypothalamus that is involved in waking up

Answer 28

Histamine from the Tuberomamillary Nucleus to wake up cortex and Orexin from Posterior lateral hypothalamus to switch on the RAS RAS releases dopamine and ACh (nicotinic receptors)

Question 29

What causes narcolepsy

Answer 29

Low level of CSF orexin

Question 30

Sleep disorders in REM and NREM

Answer 30

Sleep walking, confusional arousals and night terrors in stage 3 and 4 Rem sleep behavioural disorder (predictive of alpha synucleinopathy) Isolated sleep paralysis

Question 31

What problems in brainstem can affect arousal

Answer 31

RAS VTA( dopine pathway)

Question 32

What parts of the brain apart from diencephalon and brainstem can affect arousal

Answer 32

Bilateral thalamus and global cortex

Question 33

What score in GCS represent comatose client

Answer 33

8

Question 34

What pathway is involved in orientating response to brain

Answer 34

Spinotectal fibres involved in orientating response Superior colliculi located in tectum important in controlling eye movements

Question 35

What is involved in autonomic response for pain

Answer 35

Spinohypothalamic fibres, fight or flight

Question 36

What is involved in interoceptive cognitive model

Answer 36

Thalamus, Insula, ACC, PFC

Question 37

Emotional response to pain

Answer 37

Parabrachium, amygdala

Question 38

What is involved in localisation of pain

Answer 38

Thalamus, primary and secondary somatosensory cortex

Question 39

How does PAG reduce pain

Answer 39

5HT released by PAG Travels down CSF to bind to dorsal horn spinal cord interneurones Triggers release of endogenous opioidsthat bind to opiod receptors and reduce incoming pain pathway activity

Question 40

What two parts of the brain are receive input/ input into cortical association areas and what are their functions

Answer 40

Cerebellum inputs into cortical association areas which input into basal nuclei ( important for planning movement)

Question 41

Which hemisphere is apraxia primarily localised inn

Answer 41

Left hemisphere

Question 42

Aphasia in broca vs wernicke's

Answer 42

expressive rs receptive

Question 43

Which part of the brain is the Substantia Nigra found in

Answer 43

Midbrain

Question 44

Problems with which loop can cause intention tremor?

Answer 44

Cerebellar

Question 45

Vertigo, ataxia, nystagmus are all symptoms of what disorder?

Answer 45

Cerebellar

Question 46

What aphasia results when there is problem to phonological loop

Answer 46

fluent

Question 47

What kind of stimuli is the phonological loop important for

Answer 47

auditory stimuli

Question 48

Two components of phonological loop (NOT THE AREAS)

Answer 48

articulatory control system and phonological store

Question 49

Is the hypothalamus part of the limbic system? PFC? Subthalamus, Thalamus?

Answer 49

Yes, no, yes, yes

Question 50

What causes locked in syndrome

Answer 50

Stroke ( damage to pons)

Question 51

What sleep disorder is highly predictive of Alpha synucleinopathies

Answer 51

REM Sleep Behavioural Disorders

Question 52

Pathologies that may cause loss of consciousness

Answer 52

Raised ICP that compromises cerebral perfusion, Electrical Failure (post-seizure), BS/thalamic stroke, metabolic/toxic problems eg. problems with kidney or infectiom

Question 53

Pathologies that may cause loss of consciousness

Answer 53

Raised ICP that compromises cerebral perfusion, Electrical Failure (post-seizure), BS/thalamic stroke, metabolic/toxic problems eg. problems with kidney or infection

Question 54

Two neuropathic agents that can be used for Chronic pain, and what else can they be used for

Answer 54

Gabapentin and Pregablin for seizures