Fundamentals

Question 1

What cortex is involved in voluntary movement

Answer 1

Posterior parietal cortex

Question 2

What is good for imaging muscle

Answer 2

MRI- myopathies especially

Question 3

Imaging peripheral nerves

Answer 3

Ultra
Sound especially for nerve entrapment syndromes

Question 4

Imaging Plexii

Answer 4

MRI

Question 5

Imaging spinal cord

Answer 5

MRI gold standard but CT if MRI not possible

Question 6

Imaging haemorrhage in brain

Answer 6

CT

Question 7

Imaging blood vessels

Answer 7

Doppler ultrasound especially for carotid vessel

CT and MR angiography for vessels
CR and MR venography
DSA angiography gold standard for intracranial assessment

Question 8

What are the characteristics of special sense receptors

Answer 8

Have specialized receptor cells, synaptic vesicles, sensory neurons and can initiate action potential

Question 9

What nerve fibers are unmyelinated

Answer 9

Type C(IV) post ganglionic autonomic visceral and somatic afferents for pain and temperature

Question 10

What does a Pacinian corpuscle detect

Answer 10

Vibration and pressure

Question 11

What are the metrics for measuring propagation in clinical neurophysiology

Answer 11

Conduction speed- myelin status
Conduction amplitude - axonal status (number of nerves)

Question 12

What is the cause of GBS and symptoms

Answer 12

Antibodies cross reacting with myelin sheath
Inflammatory demyelinating

Tingling in both feet and arms, absent tendon reflexes (LMN sign), maybe be breathless

Question 13

5 main excitatory neurotransmitters

Answer 13

Glutamate
Adrenaline/NA- A or B
Ach- Nicotinic or Muscarinic
Dopamine
Serotonin

Question 14

Receptor for Glutamate

Answer 14

Metabotropic- G protein coupled

AMPA
NMDA

Question 15

What is used to measure muscle function

Answer 15

Electromyography - diagnose patients with muscle disorders or MND

Question 16

What is the bilaminar disk made of

Answer 16

Epiblast and hypoblast
Also have yolk sac and amniotic cavity from blastocele

Question 17

Which day does the mesoderm from

Answer 17

Day 16

Question 18

Which layer is the nervous system derived from

Answer 18

Ectoderm layer

Question 19

Is primitives streak head or tail end

Answer 19

Tail

Question 20

When does neurulation occur

Answer 20

Week 3, same week as trilaminar disk
Notochord from mesoderm

Question 21

When is neural tube formed

Answer 21

Week 4

Question 22

When are brain vesicles formed

Answer 22

Weeks 4 and 5

Question 23

When does neurogenesis and giliogenesis occur

Answer 23

Week 4-12

Question 24

What produces CSF and in which ventricles

Answer 24

Choroid plexus, lateral ventricles in particular

Question 25

What joins lat ventricle to 3rd ventricle

Answer 25

Interventricular foramina (foramina of Monro)

Question 26

What joins 3rd to 4th ventricle

Answer 26

Cerebral aqueduct

Question 27

What are the 4 routes of CSF to subarachnoid space

Answer 27

2 lateral apertures (foramina of Luschka) 1 midline aperture (formaina of magendie) Central canal of spinal cord

Question 28

What absorbs CSF

Answer 28

Arachnoid granulations in dural venous sinuses

Question 29

What to test for in ICP

Answer 29

Gram stain and culture for CSF infection oxyhemoglobin and bilirubin for subarachnoid hemorrhage Oligoclonal bands for MS

Question 30

What is one cause of CSF overproduction

Answer 30

Idiopathic Intracranial Hypertension

Question 31

Causes of underproduction of CSF

Answer 31

Dehydration and drugs

Question 32

What is the amount of WBC in CSF usually

Answer 32

5/ microlitre

Question 33

What causes exocytosis of neurotransmitters like ACh into synaptic cleft

Answer 33

Opening of voltage- gated ca2+ channels which results in influx

Question 34

What is the use of electrical stimulation of nerve fibres

Answer 34

To initiate propagated AP, and measure the propagation- Conduction speed -- Myelin status Amplitude of response-- number of nerves present and stimulated ( axonal status)

Question 35

What forms the endoderm

Answer 35

Hypoblast

Question 36

Where does the primitive streak form on

Answer 36

Epiblast

Question 37

When does spinal cord start developing

Answer 37

Week 5

Question 38

When does neural migration start

Answer 38

Week 12

Question 39

When is a blastocyst formed

Answer 39

Day 7