Fundamental Questions Flashcards
(196 cards)
1
Q
What are some indications for an aorta evaluation?
A
- Pulsating abdominal mass
- Calcifications
- Aneurysm
2
Q
Risk Factors for an Aneurysm are:
- Over age ______
- Hx of _____ use
- _____tension
- Known ______ disease
- Family history of _______
A
- 60
- Tobacco
- Hyper
- Cardiovascular
- AAA
3
Q
The aorta originates from the ______ of the heart
A
Left ventricle
4
Q
The Abdominal aorta begins when it _____ the ______
A
Pierces
Diaphragm
5
Q
The ______ trunk is the first major branch
A
Celiac
6
Q
The ______ is the next major branch
A
SMA
7
Q
_______ arteries arise laterally
A
Renal
8
Q
The celiac trunk is the _______ branch
A
First major
9
Q
The SMA is the ______ branch
A
next major
10
Q
Renal arteries arise ______
A
Laterally
11
Q
The ______ arises near the bifurcation
A
IMA
12
Q
The IMA arises near the ______
A
bifurcation
13
Q
The aorta bifurcate into the _____
A
Iliac arteries
14
Q
The _____ bifurcates into the Iliac arteries
A
Aorta
15
Q
For the aorta we measure ______ to ____ wall
A
Outer
Outer
16
Q
The ____ aorta lies deep in the abdomen
A
Proximal
17
Q
The proximal aorta lies deep in the____
A
Abdomen
18
Q
The proximal aorta is _____ in diameter
A
2-3 cm
19
Q
The proximal aorta courses _____ and tapers in the ______ portion
A
- Anteriorly
- Inferior
20
Q
PW angle should be kept at _____ degrees
A
60
21
Q
For aorta measure ______
A
PSV
22
Q
Aorta patient prep:
- NPO for ______
- ______ Transducer
- ______ Position
A
- 6 hours
- 2.5-4 MHz
- Supine
23
Q
What are possible echo indications?
A
-Chest pain
- Dyspnea
- Arrhythmia
- Cardiomegaly
- Infection
- Valve repair
- Valve replacement
- Congestive heart failure
- Syncope
24
Q
What is the normal measurement for the aortic root end-diastolic?
A
2-3.7 cm
25
What is the normal measurement for ACS in systole?
1.5-2.6 cm
26
What is the normal measurement for the Left atrial end-diastolic dimension?
3-4 cm in men
27
The normal RVIDd measurement is ______
2-3 cm
28
The normal IVSd measurement is ______
0.6-1 cm
29
The normal LVIDd measurement is ______
4.2-5.8 cm
30
The normal LVIDs measurement is ______
2.5-4 cm
31
The normal LVPWd measurement is ______
0.6-1 cm
32
What is the ejection fraction equation?
EF% = ((LVIDd^3 - LVIDs^3) / LVIDd^3) x 100
33
Ejection fraction is the _______of ______ pumped out of ______ with each _______
- Fraction
- Blood
- Heartbeat
34
Normal ejection fraction is ______
50-75%
35
What is the RVSP equation?
RVSP = TR + RA pressure
36
Normal RVSP is ______
15-30 mmHg
37
If the SPAP is less than _____ mmHg it is _____
- 35
- Normal
38
The distal aorta is _____ in diameter
1-1.5 cm
39
If the diameter is _____ than or _____ to ______ cm with an IVC collapsibility of ___ than_____% with sniff, then the RA is 3 mmHg
- Less
- Equal
- More
- 50
40
____ mmHg is normal RA pressure
3
41
If the diameter is _____ than ______ cm with an IVC collapsibility of ___ than_____% with sniff, then the RA is 15 mmHg
- Greater
- 2.1 cm
- Less
- 50
42
_____ is high RA pressure
15 mmHg
43
_____ is intermediate RA pressure
8 mmHg
44
Maximum pulmonic velocity should be ______ than _____
- Less
- 2 m/s
45
E wave is ______ than A wave
Taller
46
____ wave is taller than ___ wave
- E
- A
47
Normal aortic valve velocity should be ______ than _____
- Less
- 2 m/s
48
The _____ head vessels of the aortic arch are the ________
- Three
- Innominate arteries
- Left CCA
- Left Subclavian artery
49
What should be recorded before a pediatric scan?
- Patient information
- Height & weight
- Oxygen saturation
50
Higher frequency = _____ penetration
Less
51
Lower frequency = _______ penetration
Higher
52
______ frequency = Less penetration
Higher
53
______ frequency = More penetration
Lower
54
______ frequency is ______ for small infants
-Higher
- Better
55
______ frequency is ______ for older children
-Lower
-Better
56
______ frequency is ______ for deeper structures
- Lower
- Better
57
______ frequency has a higher resolution
Higher
58
______ frequency has a lower resolution
Lower
59
What are some signs for a LEV exam?
- Swelling
- Pain
- Redness
- Erythema
- Warmth
60
What is a DVT?
Deep vein thrombosis
61
Deep veins are paired with an _____
artery
62
Are superficial veins paired with an artery?
No
63
Deep veins are located ______ in ______ tissue
-Deep
- Muscular
64
Superficial veins are located _____ within muscular _____
- Primarily
- Fascia
65
Superficial veins carry _____ blood
Significantly less blood
66
Superficial veins _____ into the ____ system
- Drain
- Deep
67
What transducer is used for a LEV exam?
- 5-7 MHz Linear
68
For LEV patient is positioned _____ with leg _____ rotated
- Supine
- Externally
69
For LEV bed is placed in ______
Reverse trendelenburg
70
Normal findings for LEV exam are:
- ______ lumen
- _______ veins
- ________ flow
- _________
- Anechoic
- Compressible
- Spontaneous & Phasic
- Augmentation
71
LEA Patient Prep:
- _____ fitting ____
- ______ room
- Patient in _____ state
- Remove patients ____ & _____
- Avoid ______ or _____ on day of exam
- Loose
- shorts
- Basal
- Shoes
- Hosiery
- Oils
- Lotions
72
LEA Clinical Indications:
- _____ when walking in ________
- ______ pulses in ______
- _____ feet
- _________
- _________ rubor
- Prior history of _____
- Pain, calf, thigh, or buttock
- Decreased, Femoral, popliteal, pedal
- Cold
- Gangrene/necrosis
- Dependant
- Peripheral Arterial Disease
73
What is claudication?
Pain when walking
74
How should the patient be positioned for LEA?
Supine
75
What transducer is being used for LEA?
4-8 MHz pencil probe
76
The doppler probe angle should be _____ degrees
45-60
77
Normal LEA Doppler signals are _____
Triphasic
78
PVA and segmentals cuff placement is at the :
- _____ thigh
- _____ thigh
- _____ knee
- ______
- High
- Low
- Below
- Ankle
79
Bladder should be _____ wider than limb diameter
20%
80
The three cuff method includes_______
- Thigh
-Below knee
- Ankle
81
Blood flow from the right side of the heart?
- SVC, IVC, CS
- Right atrium
- TV
- Right ventricle
- Pulmonic valve
- Pulmonary artery
- Rt & Lt Pulmonary artery
- Lungs
82
Blood flow from the left side of the heart?
- 4 PV
- Lt atrium
- Mitral valve
- Lt ventricle
- Aortic valve
- Aorta
- Body
83
UEA Clinical Indications:
- Suspect UE __________ disease
- _________ Blood pressure difference _________
- Positional arm ______
- _________-emboli
- Arterial _______ disorders
- __________ disease
-_________ graph evaluation
- ______ artery ______
- Atherosclerotic arterial
- Bilateral
- numbness/tingling
- Athero
- Vasospastic
- Buerger's
- Pre-operative
- Radial, harvesting
84
What does PVR stand for?
Pulse volume recording
85
The segmental pressure technique uses the ______ cuff method
3-4
86
For segmental pressure, you would inflate _____ mmHg above last audible ________ signal
- 20-30
- Doppler
87
For segmental pressure, you begin _____ at the ______
- Distal
- DPA & PTA
88
During segmental pressure using the 4 cuff method systolic pressure is obtained from __________
- Ankle
- Calf
- Low thigh
- High thigh
89
During segmental pressure using the 3 cuff method systolic pressure is obtained from __________
- Ankle
- Calf
- Large thigh
90
Ankle pressure should ______ or ______ brachial pressure
- Equal
- Exceed
91
Ankle pressure is _____ by _____brachial pressure
- Divided
- Highest
92
______ can be used to determine the extent of disease
- Exercise
93
Contraindications for brachial artery BP include:
-Mastectomy
- Dialysis access graft
- Anuerysm
94
Normal ABI value is greater than ____
1
95
greater than _____ is within normal ABI limits
0.9-1
96
ABI values from ______ indicate mild ____ disease
- 0.8-0.9
- Arterial
97
ABI values of _____ indicates claudication
0.5-0.8
98
ABI values of less than _____ indicate rest pain
0.5
99
An ABI of greater than _____ is considered incompressible
1.3-1.5
100
What does PPG stand for?
Photoplethysmography
101
For PPG diodes are attached at the ______
Toes
102
______ is used to tell the difference between ______ vascular claudication & _______-claudication
-Exercise stress testing
- True
- pseudo
103
A _____ treadmill is used in exercise stress testing
Constant load
104
For exercise stress testing, treadmill speed needs to be ______ with a _____ grade
-1.5-2 mph
- 10%
105
For exercise stress testing _____ minutes = standard walking time
5
106
What do you do after exercise stress testing?
Take post-exercise ankle pressures ASAP
107
Some treadmill contraindications are:
- Questionable _______ status
- Resting _______
- Poor ______
- _____ resting study
- Cardiac
- Ischemia
- Ambulators
- Normal
108
_____ is crucial after exercise test
Time
109
Post-exercise test we should ____ bilateral ankle pressure every _____ minutes for _____ minutes or until they return to _____
- 2-3
- 10
- Normal
110
Some maternal indications for a fetal echo are:
- ______ antibodies
- _________ diseases
- ______ fertilization
- Maternal _______ diseases
- ______ exposure
- Autoimmune
- Familial inherited
- In vitro
- metabolic
- Teratogen
111
Normal fetal heart rate is _____ bpm
120-180
111
Some fetal indications are:
- _____ cardiac screening or heart rate
-First-degree relative with ______ heart disease
- Fetal _____ anomaly
- _____ fetalis
- Presence of _______ abnormalities
- _____ growth restriction
- Increased ________
- ______ twins
- Abnormal
- Congenital
- Chromosomal
- Hydrops
- Extracardiac
- Intrauterine
- Nuchal translucency
- Monochorionic
111
UEV _____ blood from extremities to the heart
Returns
111
Some UEV indications are:
- Arm or neck ______
- ______ embolus
- _____ cord
- _____ superficial veins in arm and shoulder
- Difficulty with ______ infusion
- Pain and swelling
- Pulmonary
- Palpable
- Dilated
- Indwelling catheter
112
What are the deep UEV?
- Radial
- Ulnar
- Brachial
- Axillary
- Subclavian
- Internal jugular
- Brachiocephalic
- Superior vena cava
113
What are the superficial UEV?
- Cephalic
- Basilic
- Median antecubital
114
Normal UEV appearance should be:
- _____ vessels
- ______
- Color flow is _____ and _____ the heart
- _______
- Anechoic
- Compressible
- Blue, towards
- Augmentation
115
What is a cerebral vascular accident?
A stroke
116
What are some carotid indications?
- Headache
- Dizziness
- Syncope
- Cerebrovascular accident/stroke
- Transient Ischemic attack
- Amaurosis fugax
- Follow up from endarterectomy
117
What carotid vessel feeds the face?
ECA
118
What carotid vessel feeds the brain?
ICA
119
The ECA is _____ to the ICA
Anterior/medial
120
Is the ECA smaller than the ICA?
yes but not always
121
What does the ECA have that the ICA doesn't?
Extracranial branches
122
The ICA is ______ to the ECA
Posterior/medial
123
Is the ICA larger than the ECA?
Yes but not always
124
Some waveform characteristics of CCA:
- ______ acceleration
- _____flow through _____
- Sharp
- Forward, diastole
125
Some waveform characteristics of ICA:
- ______-resistant
- _____ rise in _____
- Low
- Sharp, systole
126
Some waveform characteristics of ECA:
- ______-resistant
- _____ diastolic flow
- _____ upstroke
- _____ to baseline
- High
- Diminished
- Sharp
- Rapid decline
127
A _____ allen test may be unreliable
standard
128
An allen test determines _____ patency
palmar arch
129
PPG works on a principle of ____ absorption
light
130
PPG evaluates ____
Fingers
131
PVR evaluates ____
Limbs
132
PVR uses _____
Air
133
______ arterial blood moving underneath the _____ = _____ analog waveform excursion
- More
- Bladder
- Greater
134
The PPg technique places cuffs on the _____
Upper & lower arm
135
The PPG technique inflates cuffs ____ mmHg
40-60
136
During PPG we should try to avoid ____
Patient movement
137
Fetal circulation
- Oxygenated blood
- Umbilical vein
- Ductus venosus
- IVC
- Rt atrium
- SVC & Foramen ovale
- SVC --> Rt ventricle
- Foramen ovale --> Lt atrium
- Rt ventricle --> Pulmonary trunk
- Ductus arteriosus
- Aorta
- Deoxygenated blood
- Umbilical arteries
- Placenta
138
After fetal delivery:
- The lungs begin ____
- The foramen ovale ____
- The Ductus arteriosus begins ___
- Functioning
- Closes
- Constricting
139
After birth, the umbilical veins/arteries become the _____
Ligamentum teres
140
After birth, the ductus venosus becomes the _____
Ligamentum venosum
141
After birth, the ductus arteriosus become the _____
Ligamentum arteriosus
142
Fetal bradycardia occurs at _____
<100 bpm
143
Fetal tachycardia occurs at____
>180 bpm
144
Apex points to fetal _____ side
left
145
The moderator band is in the _____ ventricle
Right
146
Ductal arch has a _____ angle and no ______ vessels
- Sharper
- Head or neck
147
The _____ connects the cephalic and basilic veins
antecubital
148
A palpable cord is a _____ in a ____ vein
- Thrombosis
- Superficial
149
Augmentation is done to demonstrate ______
Patency
150
UEV should have _____ & _____ flow
- Phasic
- Spontaneous
151
The subclavian vein can have _____ flow
Pulsatile
152
For a carotid exam check to see if patient has history of:
- Diabetic
- Smoker
- Hypertension
- Heart attack
- Carotid surgery
- Hyperlipidemia
153
A linear _____ transducer is used for a carotid exam
5-7 MHz
154
Endarterectomy is a surgery to remove _____
plaque
155
Amaurosis fugax is the ______ in one or both eyes
loss of vision
156
The temporal tap produces _____ in ECA
Oscillations
157
Normal PSV in the ICA is _____
<180
158
Normal EDV in the ICA is _____
<40
159
Do we invert color at the vertebral artery?
No
160
Flow in the verterbal artery has a _____velocity than other vessels
Lower
161
The heart is located in the _____
Inferior mediastinum
162
What's the most anterior chamber?
Right ventricle
163
What's the most posterior chamber?
Left atrium
164
What is the most right-sided chamber?
Right atrium
165
What's the most left-sided chamber?
Left ventricle
166
What are the two semilunar valves?
Aortic & pulmonic valve
167
What are the two atrioventricular valves?
Mitral and tricuspid valve
168
What valves are open during diastole?
Mitral & tricuspid valves
169
What valves are open during systole?
Aortic & pulmonic valves
170
The pulmonic valve is the. most _____
Anterior & superior
171
The aortic valve is the most ____
Medial
172
_____ take blood to the heart
Veins
173
______ take blood away from the heart
Arteries
174
When in PLAX the indicator should be pointing to the patients ____ shoulder in the ____ position
- Right
- 10' o clock
175
To find RVIT angle transducer ____
inferiorly
176
What is the Bernoullis equation?
P = 4v^2
177
To find RVOT we would angle ____
Superiorly
178
The pulmonic valve is _____ to the aortic valve
Anterior
179
To get 5CH view ______
drop your tail
180
IVC collapsibility is determined using the ____ test
sniff
181
The size of the IVC should be less than or equal to ____
2.1 cm
182
For the SSN the indicator should be turned toward the ____ position
1-2 o' clock
183
Bicaval view is when we see both the ______
SVC & IVC
184
What drains into the RA?
- SVC
- IVC
- Coronary sinus
185
PEDS subcostal-transducer indicator is in the ____ position
4:30
186
Right coronary artery comes off the _____
RCC
187
Left coronary artery comes off the _____
LCC
188
LEA Doppler probe should be ____ degrees
45-60
189
Normal LEA Doppler signals are _____
Triphasic
190
Triphasic = _____ pulsatility
High
191
Biphasic = _______ pulsatility
Medium
192
Monophasic = ______ pulsatility
Low
193
Limb cuffs have to be ______
Uniform
