RAD 1 Study Flashcards
(265 cards)
1
Q
Left Lateral Chest: The MSP is ______ with the IR and the CR is _______ to the mid-coronal at the level of T7
A
- Parallel
- Perpendicular
2
Q
PA & Left Lateral Chest: The SID is ______
A
72 inch
3
Q
Left Lateral Chest: The IR is _____ inches _____ shoulders
A
- 1 1/2
- Above
4
Q
PA Chest: The CR is ______ to the MSP and at the level of _____
A
- Perpendicular
- T7
5
Q
PA Chest: The IR is _____ above relaxed shoulders
A
1 1/2-2 inches
6
Q
The ________ of scapula is at T7
A
inferior angle
7
Q
Recommended SID for chest is at least _____ to minimize ______ of the heart and _____ recorded detail
A
- 72 inches
- Magnification
- Increase
8
Q
Exposures are made after the ______
A
2nd deep inspiration
9
Q
Two seperate radiographs are taken on one _______ and ______
A
- Inspiration
- Expiration
10
Q
Chest: Important to get two veiws _____ apart
A
90 degrees
11
Q
The mediastinum is the area of the _____ bounded by the sternum _____, spine ____, and lungs _____
A
- Thorax
- Anteriorly
- Posteriorly
- Laterally
12
Q
Lungs are enclosed in ____
A
Pleura
13
Q
Pleura is ______
A
a double walled serous membrane
14
Q
Inner layer of pleura is called
A
Visceral pleura
15
Q
Outer layer of pleura is called
A
Parietal pleura
16
Q
The right lung has ____ lobes
A
3
17
Q
The left lung has ____ lobes
A
2
18
Q
The medial border of the lungs are
A
Hilum
19
Q
The right lung is ____ shorter than the left
A
1 inch
20
Q
The lungs move _____ during inspiration and _____ during expiration
A
- Inferiorly
- Superiorly
21
Q
The right primary bronchus is _____,______, and more ______ than the left
A
- shorter
- wider
- vertical
22
Q
What makes it easier for foreign bodies to enter the right bronchus?
A
Position and size
23
Q
Terminal bronchioles communicate with the _____
A
alveolar ducts
24
Q
How many cartilage rings does the trachea have?
A
16-20
25
The trachea lies in ____ and is _____ to the esophagus
1. Midline
2. Anterior
26
Whats the purpose of the respiratory system?
The exchange of gaseous substances between the air and the blood
27
What seperates the thoracic cavity from the abdominal cavity?
Diaphragm
28
The ____ is where the heart is
pericardial
29
The space between the two pleural cavities is called the ______
mediastinum
30
What does body habitus determine?
The shape, position, and movement of internal organs
31
Whats intermediate between sthenic and asthenic?
Hyposthenic
32
- manmade form of electromagnetic energy
- travel in bundles of energy known as photons
- known as ionizing radiation
X-Rays
33
What are some properties of x-rays?
- Electromagnetic radiation that moves at the speed of light
- Travels in straight lines
- Diverges from its source
34
As the beam diverges it becomes less ____
Intense
35
What is the SID?
Source to image distance
36
What is the SOD?
Source to object distance
37
What is the OID?
Object to image distance
38
What do x-rays do as they exit the tube?
Diverge and spread
39
What is beam intensity?
The total amount of energy through a unit area in a given time
40
As the distance from the source _____ the intensity ____
1. Increases
2. Decreases
41
Distance and intensity have a _____ relationship
inverse
42
Define ethics
The systematic study of rightness and wrongness of human conduct and character as known by natural reason
43
Ethics is the system of a code of ________ advocated by a particular individual or group
conduct and morals
44
Ethics are not determined by _______
strict rules or rigid guidelines
45
Ethics is based on _____
individual conceptions of right and wrong
46
what are professional ethics?
The standard of conduct expected from members of a profession
47
What are medical ethics?
A set of principles that guides practitioners in making informed choices about the delivery of healthcare
48
What is the code of ethics?
An articulated statement of role morality as seen by the members of a profession
49
Informed consent requires the physician to explain in _______
Understandable language
50
What is essential for a patient to give informed consent?
Adequate information
51
In greek autos means ____ and nomos means _____
1. Self
2. Governance or control
52
What is Autonomy?
A persons self reliance, independence, liberty rights, privacy, individual choice, freedom of will and the contained ability to decide
53
What is Respondeat Superior?
The employer is responsible for the actions of the employee
54
What is Res Ipsa Loquitur?
The things speaks for itself
55
What is negligence?
An unintentional tort involving duty, breach of duty, injury and causation
56
What is confidentiality?
The duty of health care providers to protect the privacy of patient information
57
What is HIPAA?
The protection of confidentiality of individual identifiably health information
58
What does HIPAA stand for?
Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act
59
What is a breach of confidentiality?
Not maintaining the obligation to keep medical and personal information about patients in confidence
60
What is a tort?
A private or civil wrong which the court provides a remedy in the form of an action for damages
61
What is the difference between assault and battery?
Assault is a threat without physically touching someone while battery is touching without consent
62
What is false imprisonment?
Unlawful confinement
63
What is defamation?
The making of a false statement thats harmful to anothers reputation
64
Whats the difference between slander and libel?
Slander is oral and Libel is written
65
Whats confidentiality?
Maintaining privacy
66
What is veracity?
Truthfulness
67
Whats Beneficence?
Process of helping someone
68
Whats Nonmaleficence?
The passive process of not harming a person while providing aid
69
Whats Nonconseuqntialism?
The determination of right or wrong acts according to the morality of the act and not the consequence
70
Whats morals?
Generally accepted customs, principles, or habits of right living & conduct in a society
71
Whats values?
Ideals and customs of a society toward which the members of a group have an affective regard
72
What does the ARRT stand for?
The American Registry of Radiologic Technologist
73
What is the ARRT Code of Ethics?
Consideration of various aspects of the imaging professionals role in health care
74
When was HIPAA enacted?
1996
75
HIPAA provides the ability to ______ american workers and their families when they change or lose their jobs
transfer and continue health insurance coverage
76
When considering HIPAA mandates:
- This law mandates standards for healthcare information on _______,______, ______
- Requires the ______ and ____ handling of protected health information
1. Electronic billing
2. Electronic medical records
3. other processes
4. protection
5. confidential
77
What was life like before HIPAA?
- Lacked _____
- ______ from state to state
- _______ within health care organizations
1. Uniformity
2. Varied
3. Inconcsistencies
78
What does PHI stand for?
Protected health information
79
Whats the "minimum necessary rule"?
A need to know basis
80
What are the consequences for breaking the "minimum necessary rule"?
- Termination
- Severe government penalties
81
The history of medicine dates back ______ in ______
- 5000 years ago
- Egypt and Mesopotamia
82
Medicine was practiced in combination with ______
Religious beliefs
83
What potent drugs that was used in ancient egypt are still used today?
Castor oil and opium
84
Where were the prehistoric skulls found?
Europe and south america
85
Who was the father of western medicine?
Hippocrates
86
Whats the hippocratic oath?
A high standard of ethical conduct
87
What did hippocrates emphasize?
The importance of observing the patient
88
What was medicine largely controlled by?
Religion
89
What did the Romans construct?
Aqueducts, baths, sewers, and hospitals
90
In the early _____ physicians required _____ in england
1. 1500's
2. Licensures
91
Who described bacteria in the 17th century?
Anton Van Leeuwenhoek (Dutch zoologist)
92
Who was the first to demonstrate the function of the heart and circulation of blood?
William Harvey (English physicist)
93
Who laid the foundation of modern medicine?
William Harvey (English physicist)
94
When did surgery become an experimental science?
18th century
95
In the 18th century Mental health ____ and the _____ were introduced
- reforms
- Heart drug "digitalis"
96
Who introduced the smallpox vaccine and led to the field of immunology in 1796?
Edward Jenner (English physician)
97
In the 19th century who discovered pasteurization and that germs cause disease?
Louis Pasteur (french chemist)
98
Who developed the foundation for modern nursing in the 19th century?
Florence Nightingale (English Nurse)
99
Who discovered x-rays?
Wilhelm Conrad Roentgen (German physicist)
100
When were x-rays discovered?
November 8, 1895
101
In ____ insulin was developed by two ____
- 1921
- Canadian doctors
102
In 1928 who discovered penicillin?
Alexander Fleming (Scottish bacteriologist)
103
in 1953 who discovered DNA?
Francis Crick & James Watson?
104
the first successful kidney transplant happened in ___
1954
105
In 1955 who discovered the vaccine for polio?
Jonas Salk
106
In 1967 who completed the first open heart transplant surgery?
Christiaan Barnard
107
In 1982 ______ implanted the first artificial heart into retired dentist, _______
1. William DeVries
2. Barney Clark
108
Roentgen experimented with ______rays with a _____ glass tube
1. Cathode (electrons)
2. Crookes
109
Who was the first radiographer?
Wilhelm Conrad Roentgen
110
Did Roentgen patent his work?
No
111
When did Roentgen submit his report "A New Kind of Rays"?
December 28, 1895
112
What was the first x-ray?
Roentgens wifes hand
113
Who were the pioneers of radiology?
- Benjamin Franklin
-Thomas Edison
- Marie & Piere Curie
114
Which radiological pioneer conducted electrical experiments?
Benjamin Franklin
115
Which radiological pioneer focused on fluoroscopy?
Thomas Edison
116
Who was the first to die from radiation-induced cancer?
Clarence Dally
117
Which radiological pioneer worked with radium?
Marie and Piere Curie
118
What does the ASRT stand for?
American Society of Radiologic Technology
119
What does the RSNA stand for?
The Radiological Society of North America
120
What does the FSRT stand for?
Florida Society of Radiologic Technologist
121
What does JCAHO stand for?
Joint Commission on Accreditation of Healthcare Organizations
122
What does the DNV stand for?
Det Norske Verits
123
What does JRCERT stand for?
The Joint Review Committee on Education in Radiologic Technology
124
What organization accredits radiography programs?
JRCERT
125
what organization inspects and accredits hospitals?
JCAHO
126
What does the ARRT do?
Certifies eligible candidates
127
When does the ARRT exam occur?
Every 10 years
128
What administers radiation for therapeutic purposes?
Radiation therapy
129
What uses x-rays and high speed computers to visualize multiple body planes?
CT
130
What is the examination using x-rays to image breast tissue?
Mammography
131
what uses strong magnetic fields and radio waves to generate sectional images?
MRI
132
What uses fluoroscopic images to examine blood vessels using contrast media?
Angiography
133
What uses radioactive materials for diagnostic & therapeutic purposes?
Nuclear Medicine
134
what visualizes internal organs in motion?
Fluroscopy
135
What is energy that is transmitted by waves through space or through a medium called?
Radiation
136
What is higher energy possess the ability to ionize atoms in matter called?
Ionization
137
In ionization neutral atoms ____ or ____ an atom
1. gains
2. loses
138
What are photographic qualities?
1. Receptor exposure (density)
2. Contrast
139
What are geometric qualities?
1. Spatial resolution
2. Distortion
140
Whats affects visibility of image?
Photographic qualities
141
what affects sharpness and accuracy of image?
Geometric qualities
142
What affects the quantity?
mAs
143
What affects the quality?
kVp
144
What are facts that influence receptor exposure?
- mAs
- Patient factors
- kVp
- Distance
- Beam modification
- Grids
145
Whats the controlling factor of receptor exposure?
mAs
146
What is the overall blackness of the radiograph called?
Density
147
what are receptor exposure patient factors?
- Patient thickness
- Atomic # of materials
- Pathology
148
What determines the highest energy level within the beam?
kVp
149
As kVp _____ receptor exposure ______ but not in direct ____
1. Increases
2. Increases
3. Proportion
150
Increasing the kVp by 15% ____ receptor exposure
doubles
151
If you _____ mAs you ____ receptor exposure
1. Double
2. Double
152
What is beam modification?
Anything that changes the nature of the beam before reaching the patient
153
What does filtration use?
Attenuating material (usually aluminum)
154
What does filtration do?
Removes low energy, non-diagnostic photons
155
What does collimating do?
It confines the x-ray beam to area of interest
156
What are grids?
A device used to remove or absorb scatter
157
What do grids consist of?
Many lead strips separated by radiolucent material
158
where are grids placed?
Between patient and image receptor
159
The ____ the ratio, the ____ the receptor exposure
1. Higher
2. lower
160
What is the ratio between lead strips and the distance between them?
5:1 to 16:1
161
What are factors that influence contrast?
- kVp
- Patient thickness
- Contrast media
- mAs
- X-ray beam modification
- Grids
162
What is the gray scale?
Visible differences in density
163
____ kVp = _____ contrast
1. Low
2. High
164
High contrast is better for ____
looking at bones
165
Low contrast is better for ____
Looking at organs
166
Whats the controlling factor of contrast?
kVp
167
____ in kVp = ____ in penetrability
1. Increase
2. Increase
168
kVp is _____ proportional to contrast
Inversely
169
The ____ the tissue density and thickness, the _____ scatter is produced
1. Greater
2. More
170
Barium, Iodine, and air are examples of ____
Contrast media
171
Beam modification devices are primarily used to reduce _____
Scatter
172
Scatter causes ____ resulting in loss of gray tones
Fog
173
Using beam modification = ____
Higher contrast
174
____ scatter = ______ contrast
1. Decrease
2. Increase
175
whats the definition of spatial resolution?
Sharpness with which and objects borders and structural details are represented on a images
176
Spatial resolution is also known as_____
Sharpness of detail/definition
177
What is spatial resolution affected by?
- Motion
- Object unsharpness
- Focal spot size
- SID
- OID
178
whats the most common cause of radiographic unsharpness?
Motion
179
How to decrease radiographic unsharpness?
Minimize by sharp exposure time
180
Motion unsharpness is when you're trying to represent a _____ image as a ______ image
1. 3-D
2. 2-D
181
How can motion unsharpness be lessened?
- Small focal spot size
- Greater SID
- Smaller OID
182
____ focal spot = ____ spatial resolution
1. Small
2. Better
183
Whats the definition of an Umbra?
True edge of an images object
184
Definition of Penumbra
Fuzzy edge of an images object
185
______ the SID the ______ the image = _____ spatial resolution
1. Greater
2. Sharper
3. Better
186
____ OID = _____ Spatial resolution
1. Smaller
2. Better
187
When an object moves ____ to the IR, penumbra _____ and sharpness _____
1. Closer
2. Decreases
3. Increases
188
Whats distortion?
Misrepresentation of the true size or shape of an object
189
What are the two sizes of distortion?
- Size distortion
- Shape Distortion
190
what is size distortion affected by?
SID and OID
191
Size distortion = ______
Magnification
192
Size distortion: Best image = _____ SID & _____ OID
1. Large
2. Small
193
What is shape distortion controlled by?
- Beam
- Anatomical part
- IR
194
Radiation is _____ & ______ energy
1. Light
2. Pure
195
What kind of properties does radiation have?
wave and photon like
196
Radiation travels at the _____
Speed of light
197
Radiation has an _____ & ____ field
1. Electric
2. magnetic
198
What is ionizing radiation?
high energy radiation with the ability to create ions
199
Whats Non-ionizing radiation?
Low energy radiation only capable of transferring heat
200
radiation can cause the ____ of electrons from atoms
Ejection
201
Loss of electrons results in ____
Ionization
202
Ionization can have _____ effects
Biologic
203
Whats cosmic radiation?
The sun and other planetary bodies
204
Whats terrestrial radiation?
Uranium & Radium
205
What does radon account for?
~74% of natural exposure and 37% of annual background exposure
206
What are radioisotopes and radionuclides?
Stuff like bananas, chocolate, and other naturally existing nucleotides in the human body
207
What are some human made sources of radiation?
- Medical
- Nuclear Industry
- Radioisotopes & Radionuclides
208
What is the largest source of ionizing radiation?
Medical
209
Conditions necessary for x-ray production:
1. ____ of electrons
2. Means for setting them in _____ motion
3. Mechanism for ______ them abruptly
1. Source
2. High speed
3. Decelerating
210
X-ray tube is a ____ tube
Diode
211
The glass envelope is the x-ray tube maintains a ____
vacuum
212
The x-ray beam is_____
heterogeneous
213
The energy of beam is expressed in ____
keV
214
Definition of primary beam
The x-ray beam leaving the tube toward the patient
215
Whats the difference between transmission and attenuation?
Transmission: When the beam passes through with no energy loss
Attenuation: total absorption or scattering interactions with modified or unmodified energy
216
What is the main component of scattering?
Compton Scattering
217
what interactions are apart of keV?
- Classic coherent scattering
- Photoelectric interaction
- Compton scattering
218
What interaction are apart of meV?
- Pair production
- Photodisintegration
219
Coherent scattering involves very ______ x-rays
low energy
220
Does ionization occur with coherent scattering?
No
221
During coherent scattering the x-ray interacts with the atom as a ______
Whole
222
The photoelectric effect is responsible for the _______ contribution to patient expose or dose
Largest
223
Photoelectric Effect: The incoming x-ray photon is _______ by collision with _____ electron
1. Completely absorbed
2. Inner-shell
224
Compton Scattering: Incoming photon collides with _____ electron, creating a free compton electron and and _____ pair
1. outer shell
2. Ion
225
Most occupation exposure is from _______
Compton scattering
226
The SI units were officially adopted in ____
1985
227
what are the three most popular dosimeters?
- Direct Ion storage dosimeter
- Optically Stimulated Luminescence Dosimeter
- Thermoluminescent Dosimeter
228
Thermoluminescent Dosimeters use ______ and is more _____
1, Lithium fluoride crystal
2. Convenient
229
TLD's are ______ and very sensitive to _____ of exposure
1. reusable
2. low levels
230
Pocket Dosimeters give an immediate ______
Readout
231
Which dosimeter requires access to the computer?
The pocket (DIS) dosimeter
232
The exposure in the DIS causes ______ in gas that is collected with the cummalitive charge being stored in a _____
1. Ionizations
2. computer chip
233
The most commonly used and convienient dosmieter is the ______
Optically Stimulated Luminescence Dosimeter
234
The OSL measures______
x-ray and gamma radiation
235
The OSL doesnt give an ______ readout of exposure
Immediate
236
The OSL had a wide range of exposure ______
Sensitivity
237
The dose limit for pregnancy term is _____ mSv
5
238
What are the cardinal rule of protection towards professional?
- Time
- Distance
- Sheilding
239
What are the cardinal rules of protection towards a patient?
- X-ray beam restriction
- Filtration
- Optimum exposure technique selection
240
Exposure is not a measure of ________
absorbed exposure
241
Exposure (X) measure exposure in _____
air
242
Whats Air Kerma?
Kinetic energy released in matter
243
what replaces the tradional unit of exposure (X)?
Air Kerma
244
Total kinetic energy is released in a ________
Unit mass of air
245
1 J/kg = 1 ____
Gray (GY)
246
Air Kerma is seen in _______ and is measure in ______
1. Fluroscopic tools
2. Real time
247
GY is the _____
absorbed dose
248
whats is the equivalent dose expressed as?
Sievert (Sv)
249
The product of absorbed dose (GY) x _____
QF
250
The QF of x-ray is ______
1
251
Effective dose is expressed as ______
Sievert (Sv)
252
Standards of exposure are regulated by the _____
FDA and CDRH
253
The annual whole body effective dose limit for occupation workers is _______
50 mSv
254
What theories are effective dose limits based on?
- Risk vs benefit
- Nonthreshold dose response
255
What are the two major parts of a cell?
- Nucleus
- Cytoplasm
256
80% of cell content is _____
water
257
What are two classes of human cells?
- Somatic
- Germ
258
Somatic cells divide through ____
Mitosis
259
Germ cells divide through _____
Meiosis
260
Somatic cells are ______ cells
Mature
261
Germ cells are _____
Immature cells
262
Somatic cells:
- Preform ____ of the bodys functions
- Contains ____ chromosomes
1. Most
2. 46
263
Germ cells:
- Primary function is _____
- Contains _____ chromosomes
1. reproduction
2. 23
264
Germ cells are the most _____
Radiosensitive
265
