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Fundamentals Flashcards

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1
Q

How many hours of PIC cross-country required for IM?

A

50

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2
Q

Where can you find the subject matter for the instrument rating and the performance standards?

A

ACS (Airman Certification Standards)

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3
Q

How much instrument time do you need for an instrument rating?

A

40 hours

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4
Q

What are the requirements for a the IFR cross country flight?

A

One IFR cross-country flight:
250 nautical miles in length.
Instrument approach at each airport.
Includes three different kinds of approaches using navigation systems.

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5
Q

Which are the vacuum and pressure instruments?

A

Air driven gyroscopic systems are the attitude and heading indicators.

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6
Q

How do vacuuum / pressure instruments work?

A

Pressure differential from electric pump turns gyros. Need to check vacuum gauge.

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7
Q

What are the typical lifes of vacuum systems?

A

500-1000 hours, but as low as 300 hours for pumps used for deicing boots.

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8
Q

What effect does acceleration have on the attitude indicator?

A

Bar moves down, indicating nose up attitude.

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9
Q

What effect does deceleration have on horizon bar?

A

Causes it to move up, indicating nose down attitude.

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10
Q

What effect does a skidding turn have on the attitude indicator?

A

Shows bank of 3-5 degrees opposite of what was made.

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11
Q

What effect does coordinated turn have on attitude indicator?

A

Precession error related to turn amount or bank angle–maximum at 180 degrees, cancels after 360.

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12
Q

How long does a bank angle precession error last after a turn?

A

Less than 15 seconds.

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13
Q

What are the components of a vacuum system?

A

Electric pump to create pressure differential, filter, and relief valve.

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14
Q

Which instrument is the center of attention?

A

Attitude indicator.

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15
Q

What is a PFD?

A

Primary flight display.

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16
Q

Where is the slip/skid indicator on a glass system?

A

It’s the rectangle or trapezoid under the directional arrow.

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17
Q

What is an HSI?

A

Heading Situation Indicator.

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18
Q

Only difference between instrument and visual flying?

A

Instrument rather than visual horizon.

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19
Q

Advantage and disadvantage of glass vs. analog?

A

Advantage: Can keep attitude indicator in sight while scanning.

Disadvantage: Can take longer to register magnitude of other instruments.

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20
Q

What are the common scanning errors?

A

Omission: e.g., level off from climb without checking VSI or altimeter.
Emphasizing One Instrument: Rely too much on one instrument.
Fixation: Staring at one instrument, most likely to happen as approaching heading or altitude.

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21
Q

What are the fundamental skills an instrument pilot must develop?

A

Instrument scan, instrument interpretation, and airplane control.

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22
Q

What pattern are most analog panels arranged in?

A

T pattern with the attitude indicator at the center.

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23
Q

Do glass cockpits use vacuums?

A

No, they use solid state instruments that are much more accurate.

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24
Q

Tips For Glass Cockpit Flying

A

Set the bugs whenever possible.
Study how trend lines work–longer trend lines mean less stability.
Learn most common profiles (climb, cruise and descend) and use them.

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25
Which are the pitch instruments?
Airspeed Attitude indicator Altimeter VSI
26
What are the bank instruments?
Attitude Heading Turn Coordinator Ball
27
What are the power instruments?
Airspeed Tachometer Manifold pressure
28
What is straight and level flight?
Constant altitude, heading and airspeed
29
How much pitch correction should be made during instrument training?
Half, full, and 1.5 bar corrections; smaller than visual. Rate of return should not exceed double the correction needed--e.g., for 100 feet, 200 feet/minute change.
30
Most common error on heading corrections?
Overcorrection.
31
How should you make a directional correction?
If less than 5 degrees, use rudder to adjust; not enough time to make a standard coordinated turn. If more than 5 degrees, limit turn to half the degrees you want to turn, but never more than standard rate.
32
How should you adjust airspeed?
Adjust power to desired airspeed. Adjust pitch to maintain altitude as approach airspeed.
33
How should you make a climb?
Raise nose to predetermined position. Increase power to climb and use rudder. If airspeed is too low, change pitch in small increments. Level off 10% of climb before desired destination.
34
What is overpowering?
During climb, keep power in after leveling off until airspeed is within 5 knots.
35
How should you descend?
Use predetermined power and make small pitch adjustments. Level off 10% before desired, but if fast, 20%.
36
In straight and level flight, which instrument is primary for bank?
Heading indicator
37
In a constant rate climb, which instrument is primary for pitch?
Vertical speed indicator.
38
39
In turbulence, what is primary importance?
Maintain bank angle, because can become less stable when banked.
40
What altitude deviation from assigned altitude activates signal for ATC?
300 ft
41
From a practical standpoint, is it more important to make altitude correction or heading correction first?
Altitude, for separation purposes.
42
What approach is best for airspeed in turbulence?
View it as an acceptable range, because by its nature, it will vary in turbulence.
43
What is a block altitude?
If there is substantial turbulence so it is hard to maintain altitude, you can ask for a block altitude to give yourself more flexibility; 1000 or 2000 feet.
44
What is a standard rate turn?
Turn at 3 degrees per second, so 180 degrees per minute.
45
What is the bank angle for a standard rate turn?
It increases with airspeed--higher bank with higher airspeed.
46
How do you estimate required bank angle for a standard rate turn based on airspeed?
Divide by 10 and add 7.
47
How is a standard rate turn shown on glass panels?
Match the heading indicator trend line to a specific index for standard rate turns.
48
What is the maximum degrees of turn for instrument flight?
30 degrees; a flight director will only command a 25% turn.
49
What's the best way to roll into a turn?
Use the attitude indicator to bank to estimated angle then use turn indicator to make fine adjustment.
50
What effect does a standard rate turn have on airspeed? What should you do in response?
In training aircraft, it usually reduces airspeed by 2-3%, which can be accepted for most turns. If constant airspeed is needed, more throttle is required.
51
What are timed turns?
Turns based on time using standard rate; depends on being able to turn at standard rate.
52
How should you roll out of a turn?
Lead target heading by same amount of turn it took to roll into it. Level wings with attitude indicator. Refer to HSI to make sure the turn has stopped. Relax back pressure and use instruments to maintain level flight.
53
What place do steep turns have in instrument flying?
Not usually used. Proficiency maneuvers only to practice rapid scan, interpretation and control.
54
What instrument is used for minor heading adjustments after a standard rate turn?
Compass.
55
What rules apply to pilots for the accuracy of instruments?
Altimeter and static pressure system check.
56
What is a CDI?
Course Deviation Indicator that shows deviation from a desired course.
57
What is the altimeter instrument check?
Field elevation should be within 75 feet of altimeter reading after setting the barometric pressure. Field elevations are listed as the highest point on usable runways. Check diagram for elevation at your specific location.
58
What are the different types of altitude: True, Indicated, Pressure, Density, and Absolute?
True Altitude: Actual height above mean sea level. Indicated Altitude: Altitude read from the altimeter with current setting. Pressure Altitude: Altitude when altimeter is set to 29.92 inches Hg. Density Altitude: Pressure altitude corrected for nonstandard temperature. Absolute Altitude: Height above the ground level.
59
What must you verify before using electronic flight bag (EFB, Foreflight) before using?
Ensure EFBs do not interfere with aircraft navigation or communication systems. Must be kept current. Recommended to carry a backup source.
60
What is the altimeter instrument check?
Indicated altitude must be within 75 feet of field elevation; make sure to check different elevations at field.
61
Describe basic function of altimeter?
It's a barometer. Lower pressure means higher altitude; higher pressure means lower altitude.
62
What effect does a lower baseline pressure have on an altimeter setting?
A lower baseline pressure will show a lower altitude; think of moving the surface up with a lower setting.
63
What effect does a higher baseline pressure setting have on the altimeter reading?
The altimeter will have a higher setting; think of moving the surface down.
64
How much does one inch of mercury represent in altitude change?
About 1000 feet.
65
What effect does a higher temperature have on indicated altitude?
It will show a lower altitude than actual. Can't reason based on just density of air. If two columns of air have same pressure at base, column of warm air has to be higher--takes up more room.
66
What effect does colder than standard temperature have on altimeter reading?
It will be higher. Cold column of air must be lower given same base pressure.
67
Memory aid for altimeter effects?
High to low, look out below--you are lower than you think whether pressure or temperature. Low to high, look to the sky--you are higher than indicated.
68
What correction is made to altimeter setting for non-standard temperature?
None. The difference is small, and all aircraft have the differences. The IFR clearances are enough to account for differences.
69
Which are the pitot-static instruments?
Airspeed, altimeter and vertical speed indicator. Airspeed uses both pitot tube and static, and the other two just use static.
70
What happens to altitude when pitot tube is blocked?
It will continue to show the altitude at the altitude of blockage.
71
What happens to airspeed indication when static tube is blocked?
It will be accurate at altitude where it was blocked, lower when at higher altitude, higher when lower altitude.
72
When the static is blocked, what do you do?
Use alternate static source, either installed system or break glass in VSI.
73
What are effects on instruments when using alternate status source?
Pressure in cabin is lower leading to higher altitude and airspeed readings.
74
What instrument does pitot blockage affect?
Only the airspeed indicator--will drop to zero.
75
What is the instrument check for the VSI before flight?
It should read zero. You can tap it to return to zero. Can also adjust using screw in lower left corner.
76
What is the preflight check for the turn coordinator?
If electric, turn on before starting engine and check for unusual sounds.
77
What are preflight checks for attitude indicator and HSI?
May take up to 5 minutes to warm up.
78
When should you set HSI to compass reading?
Before taxiing. Even though not up to full speed, should stay reasonably close.
79
What is acceptable HSI precession error rate?
No more than 3 degrees every 15 minutes of flight.
80
What should happen to turn coordinator during taxiing turn?
The turn coordinator should move freely and ball should move, too.
81
What is preflight check for attitude indicator?
Should be level within 5 minutes of start. Should not show more than 5 degrees of bank while taxiing.
82
What can cause instruement failure?
Blockage of pitot-static system, vacuum or electric system failure, or in glass, problem with components or transmission.
83
What should you do if there are inoperative instruments?
Cover them so they don't distract you.
84
What should you when instruments fail in IMC?
1. Notify ATC. 2. Get vectors to VFR conditions if possible. 3. Avoid altitude changes, delays and course changes.
85
Which instruments replace the attitude indicator if there is failure?
Use the altitude indicator and airspeed and VSI for pitch. There is lag on airspreed, and on VSI. Use small changes and light control pressures.
86
What do you do on partial panel with a lost HSI?
Tricky. Compass is less stable in bank than pitch. Lag and lead erors due to magnetic dip, and acceleration and deceleration errors. Only accurate in straight, level, unaccelerated flight. Make shallow bank turns standard rate or less. Use timed turns preferred over compass.
87
What are the compass errors?
ANDS--acceleration causes error to north, deceleration to south. South--compass leads plane. North--compass lags plane. Varies to up to 30 degrees in northern hemisphere. Rollout starts 30 degrees plus half of bank angle.
88
How can you accurately use timed turns with a compass?
Can believe compass at due east and due west, so start from there.
89
Can you use flight devices in case of instrument failure?
Yes, if uses external sensor. Advise ATC so they take out wind correction.
90
When using VSI, what should you limit rate to in order to avoid over controlling?
500 FPM
91
Which analog instrument is both a trend and rate instrument?
VSI
92
What do you need to do when instruments show an unusual attitude?
Increase cross-check and see whether there is an instrument failure.
93
How do you identify an instrment failure?
Cross check and consider which systems agree and disagree.
94
What is the TPP?
Terminal Procedures Publication, or approach plates.
95
How often are IFR charts updated?
Like VFR charts, every 56 days.
96
In straight and level flight, which instrument is primary for bank?
Heading indicator.
97
In a constant rate climb, the primary pitch instrument is?
VSI
98
When rolling out of a timed turn, what should you use for minor heading adjustments?
Compass.
99

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