Fundamentals of A&P Flashcards by Vanessa Alvarenga

Anatomy

Describes the structures of the body in addition to what they are made of, where they are located, and associated structures

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Physiology

Is the study of functions of anatomical structures in addition to the individual and cooperative functions

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Human anatomy is also known as

Gross anatomy or macroscopic anatomy

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Human anatomy examines…

Large, visible structures

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Developmental anatomy

is from conception to adulthood, including embryology

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Microscopic anatomy

Examines cells and molecules

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Cytology

The study of cells or a cluster of cells

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Most common form of cancer cytology testing

Pap smears

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Histology

The study of tissues

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Physiology is to pathophysiology as Histology is to?

pathology

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Physiology and Histology are both studies of…

normalcy whereas pathophysiology and pathology are abnormal

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Human physiology is…

The study of how the human body’s systems and functions work together to maintain a stable internal environment

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Cell physiology

Looks at the functions of cells

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Organ physiology

Looks at the functions of specific organs

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Systemic physiology

Looks at the functions of organ systems

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Pathological physiology

Looks at the effects of diseases on organs or systems

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What are the level of organizations?

Atoms -> Molecules -> Macromolecules -> Cells -> Tissue -> Organ -> Organ system -> Organism

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Surface anatomy

Locating structures on or near the body surface

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Anatomical landmarks

Anatomical position, supine, prone

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Anatomical position

Hands at sides, palms forward
*this is always the reference

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Supine

Lying down, face up

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Prone

Lying down, face down

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What’s a lesion?

Anything that’s a problem internally or externally
…ends up being a tumor, etc.

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Ocular/orbital refers to the

eye

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Otic refers to the

ear

Buccal refers to the

cheek

Cervical refers to the

neck

Thoracic refers to the

thorax/chest ...anything from the lungs up

Mammary refers to the

breast

Umbilical refers to the

navel

What does the diaphragm do?

It changes the volume of the lungs, which are muscle

The thoracic, mammary, abdominal, and umbilical all refer to the

trunk

Cephalic refers to the

head

Mental refers to the

chin

Axillary refers to the

armpit

Brachial refers to the

arm

Carpal refers to the

wrist

Manual refers to the

hand

Pollex refers to the

thumb

Digits refers to the

fingers and toes

Inguinal refers to the

groin, the v creases

What is inspected in the inguinal (groin) area?

A Hernia

Patellar refers to the

kneecap

Femoral refers to the

thigh

Crural refers to the

leg

Tarsal refers to the

ankle

Hallux refers to the

great toe

Pedal refers to the

foot

Anterior is also known as

Ventral

Posterior is also known as

Dorsal

N.A.V.L stands for?

Nerves, arteries, veins, lymphatic

Acromial refers to the

shoulder

Dorsal refers to the

back

Olecranal refers to the

back of elbow

Lumbar refers to the

loin (the curve of your back)

Gluteal refers to the

buttock

Popliteal refers to the

back of the knee

Sural refers to the

calf

Calcaneal refers to the

heal of foot

Plantar refers to the

sole of foot

What's the degenerative condition that affects the plantar?

Plantar fasciitis

Anatomical regions

Abdominopelvic quadrants & abdominopelvic regions

Abdominopelvic quadrants

RUQ, LUQ, RLQ, LLQ

Abdominopelvic regions

R hypochondriac region, R lumbar, R inguinal, epigastric, umbilical, hypogastric (pubic ), L hypochondriac region, L lumbar, L inguinal

Superficial is a directional term that refers to the

surface at, near, or relatively close to the body surface

Deep is a directional term that refers to

toward the interior of the body; farther from the surface

Essential functions of body cavities are to

protect organs from shocks and impacts and to permit significant changes in size and shape of internal organs

The coelom refers to the

ventral body cavity

What's the function of the serous membrane (serosa)?

To cover organs and line body cavities and consists of visceral and parietal layers

Visceral serosa lines...?

Lines the outer part of the organ within the cavity

Parietal serosa lines...?

Lines the body cavity

Pleural cavity

A fluid filled space that surrounds the lungs

Mediastinum

The upper portion filled with blood vessels, trachea, esophagus, and thymus

Lower portion of the mediastinum contains...

Pericardial cavity in which the heart is located within

The abdominopelvic cavity consists of the...

Peritoneal cavity, Abdominal cavity and the Pelvic cavity

Peritoneal Cavity

Chamber within abdominopelvic cavity Parietal peritoneum lines the internal body wall Visceral peritoneum covers the organs

Abdominal Cavity

The superior portion Diaphragm to top of pelvic bones Contains digestive organs

Pelvic Cavity

The inferior portion Medial to pelvic bones Contains reproductive organs, rectum, and bladder

Homeostasis

All body systems working together to maintain a stable internal environment, returning to the normal values Systems respond to external and internal changes to keep variables within normal ranges A state of equilibrium Ex.: body temperature, pH, electrolytes, fluid balance

What are the 2 types of Homeostatic regulation?

Autoregulation & Extrinsic regulations

Autoregulation

The automatic response in a cell, tissue, or organ to an environmental change, the "local control"

Extrinsic Regulation

Responses controlled by nervous and endocrine systems, the "federal control"

A homeostatic regulatory mechanism consists of 3 things...

A receptor, control center, and effector to limit fluctuations of internal conditions to keep them close to a set point, or desired value

Receptor

Receives the stimulus

Control Center

Processes the signal and sends instructions

Effector

Carries out instructions

Negative Feedback

The response of the effector negates the stimulus Body is brought back into homeostasis Normal range is maintained

Positive Feedback

The initial stimulus produces a response that amplifies the original change in conditions, the body is moved away from homeostasis and a normal range is not maintained A positive feedback loop completes a dangerous process quickly to reestablish homeostasis Ex.: blood clotting

Systems integration

Systems work together to maintain homeostasis

Dynamic equilibrium

Continual adaptation

Failure to keep physiological systems working to maintain balance result in...

Disease

Fundamentals of A&P Flashcards

(91 cards)