Funeral Service History Flashcards by Joshua Margolis

After boiling the body of a noble man or soldier who died in a foreign land, the juices were:

Buried
Made into soup
Poured into the river
Taken home in a barrel

Buried

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What is the Greek word for coffin?

Anubis
Funeralis
Praeco
Kofinis

Kofinis

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What is Natron?

An Egyptian god
A Greek funeral prayer
A Roman burial receptacle
An Egyptian preservative salt

An Egyptian preservative salt

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Which of the following was not a responsibility of the sexton during the Middle Ages?

Care for church property
Dig graves
Prepare deceased for burial
Ring bells

Prepare deceased for burial

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The Egyptians placed the organs in how many
different canopic jars?

3
4
5
6

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Which method(s) of disposition did the Romans practice?

Burial
Cremation
Both A & B
None

Both A & B

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Mound burial was a custom with the:

Egyptians
Greeks
Romans
Vikings

Vikings

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Egyptian embalming was performed by:

Physicians
Priests
Slaves
Women

Priests

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Green burials usually include all of the following except:

Biodegradable casket
Embalming with non-toxic chemicals
Natural rock for a headstone
No vault

Embalming with non-toxic chemicals

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The functions of early American coffins were all of the following, except:

Help preserve the body
Reduce the spread of disease
Status indication
Utility

Help preserve the body

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The device used to carry a coffin or body is called a

Bier
Catafalque
Pall
Torchier

Bier

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All of the following were popular coffins/caskets in the 19th century except:

Aluminum
Cloth-covered
Wood
Zeigler case

Aluminum

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Part of the reason for organizing a national association was to develop standards for transporting bodies on:

Airplanes
Ships
Trains
Trucks

Trains

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Where was the first American crematory built?

Washington, DC
Washington, IL
Washington, PA
Washington state

Washington, PA

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According to the NFDA’s Code of Professional Conduct, funeral directors are obligated to serve all but:

  The Deceased 
  The Family 
  NFDA 
  OSHA 
  The Public

OSHA

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During the Civil War, embalming surgeons and undertakers often worked in all of the following except:

Barns
Cabins
Sheds
Tents

Cabins

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Which of the following was not placed in a canopic jar?

  Brain 
  Gall Bladder 
  Heart 
  Large Intestine 
  Stomach

Gall Bladder

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In Egyptian history, the walled suburb of a major city where embalming was performed was referred to as the

City of Necessity
Metropolis
Mound City
Necropolis

Necropolis

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Which culture is associated with the practice of immersing the body of the dead in earthen jars filled with honey or wax?

Babylonians
Ethiopians
Gaunches
Peruvians

Babylonians

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The ones who created mummies that were referred to as “Xaxos” were the

Egyptians
Ehtiopians
Gaunches
Peruvians

Gaunches

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With which era are the years 30,000 B.C. to 6,000 B.C. associated?

Eolithic Period
Middle Ages
Neolithic Period
Paleolithic Period

Neolithic Period

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The earliest assumed state of man was depictive of which era?

Ancient
Eolithic
Medieval
Paleolithic

Eolithic

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The term Sarcophagus refers to which of the following?

A burial ceromony
A coffin
A cremation urn
A type of Canopic Jar

A coffin

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According to ancient Egyptian history, which of the following numbers approxiamtes the number of years required to complete the journey known as the “Circle of Necessity”

30
300
3,000
30,000

3,000

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The one in Egypt known as God of the Underworld and Judge of the Dead was Herodotus Horus Osiris Ramses the great

Osiris

The year 1628 is associated with which great event in the history of embalming? Discovery of bacteria Discovery of blood circulation Discovery of capillary circulation Discovery of formaldehyde

Discovery of blood circulation

The most expensive method of Egyptian embalming consisted of five steps, the last of which was bandaging and anointing drying the body in the sun immersion in a natron solution removal of the brain

bandaging and anointing

According to ancient Egyptian death beliefs, the element of the body which remained with the body in the grave and demanded attention from the living was the Ba Ka Shadow Yakhu

``` Tree burial was associated with which of the following? Ehtiopians North American Indians Persians Peruvians ```

North American Indians

The years associated with the Medieval Period are 600 A.D. to 1850 A.D. 700 A.D. to 1900 A.D. 6,000 B.C. to 600 A.D. 30,000 B.C. to 6,000 B.C.

600 A.D. to 1850 A.D.

Which of the following cultures were believed to have thrown their dead to hordes of wild dogs? Aryan Tribes Balearians Hindustanies Mongolians

Mongolians

Which people have been known to have skinned their dead as part of the body perparation procedure? Baylonians Egyptians Gaunches North American Indians

North American Indians

The "Elysian Fields" death belief is associated with which of the following cultures? Ancient Egyptians Ancient Greeks Ancient Romans Hebrew

Ancient Greeks

The "Father of Modern Embalming" in the United States is Auguste Renourd Dr. Thomas Holmes Edwin Chadwick Libitina

Dr. Thomas Holmes

The "Guild of All Souls" was established in Athens, Greece Cairo, Egypt London, England Paris, France

London, England

The term "Tabona" referred to which of the following? A form of coffin A flint stone knife A god worshipped by an early culture A type of tomb for burial

A flint stone knife

In discussing the undertaking specialist of ancient Egypt, which one of the following was referred to as the priest? Apothecary Designer Dissector Kher-heb

Kher-heb

The Egyptians felt that which of the following was the seat of intellect and emotion? Brain Heart Lungs Soul

Heart

The Ba, Yakhu, The Name, The Heart, The Shadow, and The Ka are elements of the body that were associated with which fo the following cultures? Egyptians Greeks Hebrews Romans

Egyptians

The Cult of Dionysius is associated with which of the following cultures? Ancient Egyptians Ancient Greeks Ancient Romans Hebrews

Ancient Greeks

Who was the Greek historian known as the "Father of History"? Dionysius Herodotus King Solomon Ramses the Great

Herodotus

The "Crier" in Ancient Rome was also referred to as the Designator Embalmer Pollinctores Praeco

Praeco

Regarding the journey known as the Circle of Necessity, according to the Egyptians, where did this journey lead? Across the River Styx Around the world Down the Nile River To the Sun and back

To the Sun and back

How often did the inundation of the Nile River occur? Once a month Once a year Once every ten years Twice a year

Once a year

Libitina and Libitinarius are funeral functionaries identified with which of the following early cultures? Egyptians Greeks Hebrews Romans

Romans

Which of the following did the Egyptians believe to be the Center of the Universe? The Amazon River The Mediterranean Sea The Nile River The Sun

The Sun

In discussing early American funerals, inviters to funerals and town undertakers were referred to as licensed funeral directors municipal officers specific layers out of the dead sextons

municipal officers

A "Sin-eater" was associated with which of the following? Ancient Egyptians Ancient Greeks Ancient Romans Middle-Ages

Middle-Ages

The Medieval Irish wakes were known for their anger mask making light-hearted practices sadness

light-hearted practices

Jewish burials were scheduled at dawn during the day of death before sundown during the middle of the night one hour before dawn

during the day of death before sundown

The Great Plague of London took place in 1491-1492 1664-1665 1764-1765 1865-1866

1664-1665

The placing of various organs in canopic jars and embalming by class distinction was specifically associated with which of the following early civilizations? Ancient Egyptians Ancient Greeks Ancient Romans Early Christians

Ancient Egyptians

The Egyptian "God of the Dead" was Anubis Osiris Ra Set

Osiris

The "Designator" in ancient Rome was also referred to as the Crier Embalmer Goddess of Corpses and Funerals Master of Ceremonies

Master of Ceremonies

Burial Societies were becoming common place during Ancient Period Medieval Period Modern Period Neolithic Era

Medieval Period

The first people to dress their dead in white clothing were the Christians Egyptians Greeks Romans

Christians

The use of an "effigy" became popularized during You Answered early America classical antiquity late 19th century the Middle-Ages

the Middle-Ages

The term used by the Jewish people to represent the flesh was Basar Charon Chevrah Kadisha Nefesh

Basar

The Great Plague of London took place during the classical antiquity early 19th century Middle-Ages middle 20th century

Middle-Ages

The person who was responsible for bringing the European embalming techniques to the U.S was Harlan Hofmann Penberthy Worsham

Harlan

Durign the Middle Ages, a waxed death mask was referred to as a(n) catacomb door badge effigy evil spirit

effigy

The "Cult of Osiris" is indentified with which early civilization? Ancient Egyptians Ancient Greeks Ancient Romans Hebrews

Ancient Egyptians

The most common form of disposition for the early Scandinavians was cave burial cremation dissection earth burial

cremation

One of the countries which made mask making very popular in replacing the body during the long periods the body was lying in state was England Germany Ireland Scotland

England

Which of the following is not rue of the Ancient Jewish funeral? Embalming was not practiced In the beginning they didn't use caskets or outer containers The women always prepared the dead bodies They did not practice cremation

The women always prepared the dead bodies

The "Kiss of Peace" represented a major break in tradition between the Christians and the Greeks Jews Northern Europeans Romans

Jews

Another name for the Dark Ages was Ancient Period Eolithic Ages Middle Ages Neolithic Ages

Middle Ages

Burial trends during the Middle Ages were greatly influenced by the church death beliefs king public

church

The period of time when the Egyptians were embalming bodies was Ancient Neolithic Medieval Paleolithic

Ancient

The name of the Jewish grave that was covered with a stone slab is Chamber Mausoleum Pyramid Sunken

Sunken

Which of the following individuals involved in the Egyptian embalming process was the most prominent? Apothecary Chief Embalmer Dissector Priest

Priest

The country that practiced "Communion of the Dead" was Germany Ireland Scotland Both B & C

Both B & C

The first Christian ruler of Rome was Alexander Constantine Horus Nero

Constantine

Which of the following is not part of a Roman Committal Service? Burial mass celebrated at the grave site Casting earth upon the remains by the family of the deceased Dedication of the burial grounds Purification of the family and friends by washing of the hands

Burial mass celebrated at the grave site

Constantine's Sumptuary Laws guaranteed a funeral service for everyone permitted burial within the walls of Rome regulated the cost of a Roman funeral was a body of mortuary laws

was a body of mortuary laws

The focal point of a Roman Funeral Procession was the Freedmen Jesters Singers Torch bearer

Torch bearer

Which of the following does not have any significance in the Greek Burial practices and customs? An Obol Cerberus Charon God's Little Acre

God's Little Acre

The name of the place of Greek afterlife was Commune Sepulchrum Hades Sheol Valhalla

Hades

In the mythological concepts of the Greek Afterlife, the Greeks prepared the body to go to Commune Sepulchrum Hades Sheol Valhalla

Hades

Of the following individuals involved in the Egyptian embalming process, the person who marked the length of the incision with a charcoal pencil was the Chief Embalmer Physician Scribe Surgeon

Scribe

Early Scandinavians referred to Valhalla as Hades Land of the Dead Land of the Sea Nothingness

Land of the Dead

The percentage of Egyptians prepared by the inexpensive method of embalming was 2% 10% 18% 80%

80%

``` The Roman "Head Undertaker" was referred to as the Designator Libitinarius Pollinctores Praeco ```

Libitinarius

Which of the following was not part of an Egyptian Funeral procession? Jesters Professional mourners Religious representatives The body placed on a sled which was drawn by oxen

Jesters

Of the following individuals involved in the Egyptian embalming process, who was in charge of the funeral procession of an influential Egyptian? Chief Embalmer Physician Scribe Surgeon

Physician

Many historians credit the Greeks as the first to use burial containers cremation oxen to pull the bier the wheel

cremation

The deceased Hebrews were dressed in all white burial clothing clothing which signified their station in life their best attire a toga

their best attire

Who discovered formaldehyde in 1868? Barnes Bellows Hofmann Holmes

Hofmann

The Jewish people believed the individual was made up of two elements which were Charon and Cerberus Horus and Isis Nefesh and Basar Styx and Journey

Nefesh and Basar

Who usually had their funeral procession during the night? Christians Greeks Romans Scandinavians

Romans

The people who dressed their dead in togas were the Christians Greeks Romans Sigma Phi Sigma Fraternity

Romans

The person who had Gannal's book published in the United States was Harlan Harvey Leeuwenhoek Malpighi

Harlan

The people who cremated their dead with all of their worldly possessions were the Christians Greeks Northern Europeans Romans

Northern Europeans

The Sun worshipers believed people were developed from how many elements? 2 3 4 6

The deity who is known as "God of the Underworld" is Annubis Horus Isis Osiris

Osiris

Jewish funeral customs were noted for their desire to thoroughly preserve the body simplicity traditional respect for their burial ground utilization of cremation

simplicity

The Necropolis was the City of the Dead Land of the Cemeteries and Crypts Worship place for Sun Worshipers Worship place for the Cult of Osiris

City of the Dead

The Egyptian coffin which gained popularity because of the influence of Osiris was called the anthropoid earthenware portrait sarcophagus

anthropoid

The individual designated to eviscerate and wash the Egyptian remains was The Apothecary The Scribe The Surgeon None of these

None of these

Who was the wicked brother of Osiris? Anubis Ba Ka Set

Set

The Jewish religious sect which has a very strict viewpoint of their religious policies and procedures are the Conservative Orthodox Progressive Reformed

Orthodox

Egyptian burial receptacles which were large, massive and rectangular in shape where what type of casket? Anthropoid Earthenware Sarcophagus Wooden

Sarcophagus

The injection of cedar oil into the abdomen of the body was utilized in the medium priced method of Egyptian embalming, causing the organs in the cavity to be dissolved be sterilized become hard have an adequate amount of preservative

be dissolved

The civilization of people whose faith necessitated burial of the deceased by sundown on the day of death was the Africans Egyptians Greeks Hebrews

Hebrews

What approximate percentage of the Egyptian populace were prepared by the expensive method of embalming? 2% 10% 18% 50%

The most desirable mode of disposition for the Egyptians was burial at sea cremation earth burial entombment

entombment

The canopic jars which housed the organs of deceased Egyptians were named after the four sons of Horus Isis Osiris Set

Horus

Which of the following was not a consideration in the development of coffins and burial cases? Desire for complete protection Emphasis on increased utility Importance on preservation of the deceased Improvement in style and composition

Importance on preservation of the deceased

Which of the following is not part of the expensive Egyptian embalming method? Drying in open sunlight Evisceration through the abdominal incision Immersion in molten asphalt Removal of the brain throught the ear or nostril passage

Immersion in molten asphalt

Which of the following was not a consideration with the introduction of the metallic burial casket? Changes in various designs Emphasis on preservation of the dead Introduction of the ogee design Ounces per square foot

Ounces per square foot

The individual involved in embalming the Egyptian dead whos functions were embalming and wrapping of the remains was the Apothecary Dissector Pharmacist Surgeon

Surgeon

Which of the following was not a major influece in the development of chemical embalming? A longer viewing period Air tight receptacles Element of disinfection The Civil War

Air tight receptacles

The individual involved in embalming the Egyptian dead whose function was to annoint the body with necessary oils, spices and ointments was the Anatomist Apothecary Servant Dissector Scribe

Apothecary Servant

Early methods of transporting the body included all but which of the following? Bearers Biers Horse-drawn carts Limousines

Limousines

The most noted impact the Egyptian coffins had on another civilization was with the Greeks Hebrews Jews Romans

Romans

During the 19th century, various chemical manufactures were influential in the development of mortuary education and the rising prevalence of embalming. Among the services which those companies offered the undertaker included all but which of the following: merchandising techniques for use in the casket room training in the proper use of embalming chemicals training sessions to up-date the embalmer in the latest chemical developments traveling salesmen to promote their products

merchandising techniques for use in the casket room

Which of the following came first? Formulation of definite religious beliefs Formulation of government Funeral customs Treatment of disease

Funeral customs

Which of the following is associated with the introduction and developmnet of early funeral transportation? A. Johnson Dodge Auguste Renouard Crane & Breed Dr. Richard Harlan

Crane & Breed

With the introduction of coffins and early funeral goods, which of the following were primarily pursuing the undertaking profession? Craftsman Survivors The Clergy The Doctors

Craftsman

Who is credited with the introduction of cremation? Americans Egyptians Greeks Romans

Greeks

As casket manufacturers became more sophisticated in their merchandise, which of the following was an attitudinal change which was reflected in their products? From ferrous to non-ferrous From six sides to four sides From softwood to hardwood More aesthetic luxury

More aesthetic luxury

Dionysius was recognized as "The god of spirit" "The god of song" "The god of wine" "The goddess of corpses"

"The god of wine"

The Burial in Woolen Act took place in what year? 1666 1676 1839 1843

1666

The "Conclamatio Mortis" is identified with which of the following? An ancient Greek civilization Egyptian embalmers The calling out of the dead The "god of the underworld"

The calling out of the dead

In ancient Egypt, the priest was also referred to as the Apothecary Basar Kher-heb Nefesh

Kher-heb

Who is credited with receiving one, if not the first patent, in regards to life preserving coffins? Almond D. Fisk Christian Eisenbrandt Edwin Chadwick J.R. Barnes

Christian Eisenbrandt

Edwin Chadwick is associated with which of the following? Early inventor of life preserving coffins Independent heart burial Investigator of mass corruption in regards to English practices Modern embalming

Investigator of mass corruption in regards to English practices

A waxed death mask of nobility was referred to as a(n) barbe cap effigy sin-eater

effigy

The wake during the Middle Ages was also referred to as the feudal feast independent bone burial Purgatorial Doctrine vigil for the dead

vigil for the dead

A social development in the Middle Ages whereby the bodies of the noble were seperated and the bones were brought back to their home in a chest describes feudal funerals funeral ostentation independent bone burial none of these

independent bone burial

Which funeral functionary in ancient Rome was identified as the "crier"? Anatomist Designator Libitinarius Praeco

Praeco

Receptacles that were patented in the early 19th century but which gained no popular appeal were referred to as Also-rans cloth covered caskets fisk metallic coffins metallic burial cases

Also-rans

One of the first coffin shop/warehouses was started in New York by which of the following? A.C. Barstow Christian Eisenbrandt John L. Dillon Robert Frederick

John L. Dillon

In ancient Rome, this early death belief said that the body and soul were composed of atoms which simply disintergrated at death. Who is repsonsible for influencing this belief? Constantine Epicurus Hapi Osiris

Epicurus

The "god of the underworld" is recognized with which of the following? Dionysius Elysian Fields Osiris Tuamutef

Osiris

In early American undertaking, inviters to funerals were considered to be designers of metallic recptacles embalmers municipal officers sextons

municipal officers

Which of the following is not considered to be an influential person in the development of embalming schools? A. Johnson Dodge Auguste Renourd Edwin Chadwick Joseph H. Clark

Edwin Chadwick

Which of the following received one of the first patents for a corpse cooler/cooling board during the 19th century? A.C. Barstow Almond D. Fisk J.R. Barnes Robert Frederick and C.A. Trump

Robert Frederick and C.A. Trump

Which of the following is NOT a reason why "Auto Funerals" would be slow in being accepted? Auto hearses could travel no faster than a horse-drawn hearse Auto hearses were less costly than the traditional horse-drawn hearse People believed the auto hearse was a way of rushing the deceased to the grave Upkeep on auto hearses was expensive

Auto hearses were less costly than the traditional horse-drawn hearse

Where did burial and/or entombment take place in ancient Rome? In the streets of Rome Inside the walls of Rome On family lands Outside the walls of Rome

Outside the walls of Rome

Which of the following is known for featuring a horse drawn hearse at the Chicago World's Fair in 1893 that resembled a church-like design and which weighed 2400 pounds? Crane and Breed Fred Hulberg Hudson Sampson Fred Hulberg

Crane and Breed

The Egyptian undertaking specialist whose job included making medicines and annointing the body of the deceased was referred to as the Anatomist Apothecary Embalmer Surgeon

Apothecary

"The goddess of corpses and funerals" is recognized as Epicurus Libitina Libitinarius Praeco

Libitina

In discussing ancient Rome culture, "The Designator" was also referred to as the Crier Embalmer Master of Ceremonies Priest

Master of Ceremonies

The "Head Undertaker" in ancient Rome was referred to as the Anatomist Designator Kher-heb Libitinarius

Libitinarius

By virtue of technical skill and knowledge which of the following individuals, in particular, was qualified to fulfill the role as coroner in early America? Cabinet-makers Inviter to funerals Town undertakers Under-bearers

Town undertakers

M.H. Crane and J.R. Barnes acquired the manufacturing rights from Fisk in what year? 1848 1853 1889 1907

1853

Which of the following recptacles was used for ex-president Grant? Style "E" State Casket The Fisk The Fisk Mummy Case Zinc "Shoulder" Casket

Style "E" State Casket

In discussing metallic burial caskets, the ogee design served what purpose? It added additional weight It reduced the excess space It reduced the excess weight B & C only

B & C only

The individual to receive the first American patent for a metallic coffin was A.C. Barstow Almond D. Fisk James A Gray John L. Dillon

James A Gray

In discussing Edwin Chadwick's report, what did he recommend All cemeteries be municipalized Cremation instead of burial Religious rites be simplified and standardized A and C Only

All cemeteries be municipalized

What was the effect on cemeteries in regards to the Great Plague of London? Cemeteries were overcrowded Everyone was cremated There was a great amount of spce available in the cemeteries None of the above

Cemeteries were overcrowded

During the late Middle Ages, who began experimenting with embalming? The Anatomist The Sexton The Surgeon Both A and C

Both A and C

What was the long pleated garment worn by a widow during the Middle Ages? A Barbe A Basar A Bonnet A Cap

A Barbe

Which of these individuals criticized the use of common preservatives such as arsenic in regards to embalming? Dr. Richard Harlan Dr. Thomas Holmes J. Anthony Gaussardia James A Gray

Dr. Thomas Holmes

The first secular funeral director in the western world was Kher-heb Libitina Libitinarius Praecio

Libitinarius

Cremation first gained widespread acceptance and practice in ancient Greece ancient Rome Israel Scandinavian countries

ancient Greece

The Roman funeral was typically carried out by public officials and paid secular functionaries military legions the church the family

public officials and paid secular functionaries

To keep down the cost of funerals in the Middle Ages, people often formed burial clubs church groups insurance associations memorial societies

burial clubs

The man genrally credited with the term "Father of Bacteriology" was Anthony von Leewenhoek Gabrial Clauderus Frederick Ruysch Marcello Malpighi

Anthony von Leewenhoek

A man named Chadwick issued a landmark report and supplement after three years of study (1839-42). The report discussed the development of allied health studies in universities the deplorable conditions in English cemeteries the rise of medical schools around 1800 unsanitary conditions in American cities

the deplorable conditions in English cemeteries

The man who translated Jean Gannal's history of embalming in 1834 and thereby made embalming available to the American public was Dr. Richard Harlan Dr. Thomas Holmes John Hunter William Hunter

Dr. Richard Harlan

An above ground structure containing crypts for casketed remains is a canopy chapel columbarium mausoleum

mausoleum

The agency responsible for production, administration and integrity of the National Board Examination is the American Board of Funeral Service Education International Conference of Funeral Service Examining Boards National Foundation of Funeral Service National Funeral Directors Association

International Conference of Funeral Service

The first major attempt to establish requirements, tests and licenses for embalmers in the United States was state board examinations the Burial in Woolen Act the National Board of Funeral Examination the Order Concerning Embalmers

the Order Concerning Embalmers

The author of The Undertaker's Manual , the first book published specifically as an embalming textbook in the United States, was Dr. Auguste Renouard Dr. Thomas Holmes Mr. John Hunter Mr. William Hunter

Dr. Auguste Renouard

In Egyptian emblaming practice, canopic jars were used to store appendages food infants viscera

viscera

In ancient Egypt, to prepare a body for burial, it was immersed in crude oil fish oil natron olive oil

natron

Dr. Thomas Holmes is credited with the 19th century development of cooling boards chemical embalming life signals the Fisk metallic coffin

chemical embalming

The agency charged with developing curriculum and accreditation standards for funeral service educational programs in the United States is the American Board of Funeral Service Education National Foundation of Funeral Service Education National Funeral Directors Association University Mortuary Science Education Association

American Board of Funeral Service Education

Funeral Service History Flashcards

(170 cards)