Fungal better

Question 1

how has evoltion affected fungal infections

Answer 1

they are often chronic and recurrent

Question 2

unicellualr

Answer 2

yeast

Question 3

filamentous

Answer 3

mutlicellular

Question 4

endemic mycoses

Answer 4

only prevalent i regions with distinct climate conditions

Question 5

spore

Answer 5

air-borne- can reach terminal air-spaces e.g. Aspergillus fumigatus

Question 6

innate- the host recongises

Answer 6

conserved cell wall constituents

Question 7

what are the conserved cell wall constituents

Answer 7

B-glucans (1-3;1-6), chitin and galactans

Question 8

name two innate PRRs which recognise Fungal FAs

Answer 8

Dectin -1 and TLRs

Question 9

where are Dectin-1 receptors highly conserved

Answer 9

on the surface of dendritic cells and lesser amounts on macrophages

Question 10

which part of the dectin-1 receptor recognises B-glucans

Answer 10

the C-type lectin carbohydrate recognition domain

Question 11

zymosan

Answer 11

cell wall fragments consisting of B-glucans, mannans, mannoproteins and chitin

Question 12

what happens when a fungal FA engages with a Dectin -1

Answer 12

1) B-glucan binds to dectin-1 via c-type lectin carbohydrate recognition domain
2) engagement of dectin-1 results in tyrosine phosphorylation of its cytoplasmic immunoreceptor (ITAM)
3) acts synergistic ally with TLRs to induce production of cytokines and produce ROS

Question 13

together TLRs and Dectin-1 cause

Answer 13

innate inflammation

Question 14

TLRs play a pivotal role in

Answer 14

distinguishing between apoptotic particles produced by normal tissue turnover and particles indicative of infection

Question 15

why are TLRs and TLRs not only important for innate inflammation

Answer 15

also cause maturation of dendritic cells- initiating adaptive immune response

Question 16

stimulation of TLRs leads to

Answer 16

production of pro-inflammatopry cytokines

Question 17

most TLRs signal through

Answer 17

MyD88

Question 18

MyD88

Answer 18

adaptor protein which binds to TLR following activation

Question 19

Candida albicans is a

Answer 19

commensal fungus, found in normal human flora

Question 20

where is candida albicans found

Answer 20

oral, gastrointestinal and urogenital tracts

Question 21

what leads to persistent mucosal infection in CA

Answer 21

disruption of mucosal barriers

Question 22

thrush

Answer 22

• superficial mucosal infection

Question 23

candia esophagitis

Answer 23

common infection within HIV patients.

Question 24

in immunocompromised patients CA infections

Answer 24

can disseminate to cause life-threatening infections in any organ

Question 25

collaborative signalling

Answer 25

involves both TLR and dectin-1 signalling at the same time to cause enhanced cytokine production

Question 26

what is TLRs adaptor protein

Answer 26

MyD88

Question 27

what id dectin-1 adaptor protein

Answer 27

Syk

Question 28

fungi and complement: candida express surface adhesion and mannoproteins whichactivate

Answer 28

alternative and lectin pathways

Question 29

Mannose Binding lefctin is a

Answer 29

collectin- opsonin

Question 30

MASPS

Answer 30

mannose-binding lectin associated serine proteases

Question 31

what do MASPs do

Answer 31

couple collectins to the complement pathway

Question 32

MASPs before ligand binding

Answer 32

lack protease ability

Question 33

after ligand bidding MASPs

Answer 33

bidning of MBL leads to a conformation change, promoting proteolytic activity of MASPs- intitating complement cascades

Question 34

defence against Candida infection

Answer 34

-activation of complement results in phagocytosis by neutrophilsa nd macrophages

Question 35

phagocytosis triggers

Answer 35

production of ROS

Question 36

interaction of cell wall componeents (mannoprotein, B-glucans and chitins) with phagocyte receptors such as TLR and dectin-1 stimualtes the release of

Answer 36

IL-1, IL-6, TNF (released by neutrophils)

Question 37

IL-1, IL-6 and TNF

Answer 37

promotes mature of dendritic cells- increasing adaptive response

Question 38

Chromoblastomycosis and Fonsecaea pedrosoi

Answer 38

- non fatal - subcutaneous - occurs after transcutaneous trauma - chronic - hard to treat (anti-fungals and surgery)

Question 39

treatment for Chromoblastomycosis and Fonsecaea pedrosoi involves

Answer 39

trying to stimulate both TLR and Mincle to promtoe enhanced cytokine release - Chromoblastomycosis and Fonsecaea pedrosoi only stimulates Mincle response and not TLR

Question 40

wwhat is given to treat Chromoblastomycosis and Fonsecaea pedrosoi and why??

Answer 40

Pam3 CSK4 | - makes sure TLR2 is also stimulated

Question 41

name three different receptors that recognise fungi and their adaptive proteins

Answer 41

TLR- Myd88 Dectin- Syk Mincle- Syk

Question 42

Pam3CSK4

Answer 42

A TLR 2 agonist! Given to patients with chromblastomycosis- to help stimulate both TLR2 response and Mincle --> enhanced cytokine signalling --> enhanced immune response