Introduction

Question 1

do all animals have immune systems

Answer 1

yes, even primitive ones like sponges have phagocytes

Question 2

phagocytes

Answer 2

innate- look foreigners and engulf

Question 3

only after shark species had evolved did

Answer 3

B and T cells start playing a role in immunity

Question 4

snails are

Answer 4

major vectors of human parasites

Question 5

humans have

Answer 5

highly diverse TLRs (TLR expansion)

Question 6

primitive fish

Answer 6

have components which look like antibodies

Question 7

as the immune system gets more complex

Answer 7

huge expansion and variability of T and B cells

Question 8

humans have good

Answer 8

adaptive memory due to memory cells

Question 9

Mab 5C04 (4)

Answer 9

• grows quickly
• produces lots of antibodies
• v robust
• do not need extra supplementation to grow well

Question 10

adaptive immunity has become

Answer 10

increasingly efficient in vertebrates

Question 11

how many cells in immune system

Answer 11

10^12

Question 12

how many cell in brain

Answer 12

10^11

Question 13

number of cell types in immune system

Answer 13

> 10

Question 14

how many cells in brain

Answer 14

2

Question 15

how man connections in immune system

Answer 15

infinite

Question 16

why is the immune system described as being in a constant arms race with pathogens

Answer 16

as pathogens adapt and changes, so does the immune system

Question 17

immunity become much more sophisticated

Answer 17

when the thymus and spleen had developed in the body

Question 18

thymus

Answer 18

Main organ of lymphatic system.

• key to adaptive immunity
• nursury for maturation of T-lymphocytes

Question 19

T-lymphocytes

Answer 19

mature in te thymus and then leave and are transported via blood vessels to the lymph nodes and speed.

–> cell-mediated immunity- activation of certain immune cells to fightt infection

Question 20

Lymphatic organs

Answer 20

thymus and spleen

Question 21

spleen

Answer 21

Largest organ or lymphatic system.

• Its primary function is to filter blood of damaged cells, cellular debris, and pathogens
• maturation of lymphocytes
• The spleen also contains efferent lymphatic vessels, which transport lymph away from the spleen and toward lymph nodes.

Question 22

dendritic cells

Answer 22

relay innate immunity to the adaptive immune system

Question 23

GALT

Answer 23

gut-assosicated lymphoid tissue

Question 24

what is GALT?

Answer 24

is a component of the mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) which works in the immune system to protect the body from invasion in the gut.

Question 25

70% of immune system is

Answer 25

dedicated to the gut

Question 26

why is 70% of the immune system dedicated to the gut

Answer 26

mouth is vulnerable entry into the body o food is potentially very damaging o gut has to be able to discriminate  e.g. spicy curry- stomach inflammation  distinction between pathogen trying to access blood stream and normal food

Question 27

immune system is situated in

Answer 27

lymphatic and lymph organs

Question 28

circulation of plasma and WBCs through interstitial space/tissues and back via lymphatics to lymph nodes allows

Answer 28

surveillance of tissues for foreign molecules and pathogens

Question 29

LPS is

Answer 29

a potent activator of immunity

Question 30

B-lymphocytes express

Answer 30

antibodies as B cell receptors

Question 31

T-lymphocytes express

Answer 31

T cells receptors

Question 32

during the adaptive immune response

Answer 32

B- and T-lymphocytes with receptors specific for particular pthogen molecules proliferate.

Question 33

what forms the basis of protective immunity and immunological memory

Answer 33

clonal selection and expansion- protects the body be protected from future attacks

Question 34

innate response comes first and involves

Answer 34

phagocytes inflammatory cytokines interferon-antiviral cytokines

Question 35

adaptive response involves

Answer 35

T cells Antibodies Cytokines

Question 36

when does adaptive response start

Answer 36

day 6 after infection

Question 37

example of how infection causes inflammation and swelling

Answer 37

1) bacteria trigger macrohages to release cytokines and chemokine 2) vasodilation and increased vascular permeability cases redness, heat and swelling 3) inflammatory cell migrate into tissue, releasing inflammatory mediators that cause pain

Question 38

why does molecular and cellular interactions antigen recognition, cell signalling, cytokines and chemokine.. not lead to chaos....

Answer 38

But it doesn’t because the immune system has evolved to be a complex but very robust system that maintains homeostasis while at the same time being able to rapidly commit to particular courses of effector action to counter disease threats.

Question 39

pathogens have

Answer 39

their own molecular signatures (antigens) known as PAMPs

Question 40

pathogen recognition

Answer 40

Immune cells have invariant receptors on their surfaces known as PRRs that recongise many PAMPs. Once a pathogen is recognised, a cascade of events occur- activating immune response to destroy it.

Question 41

innate immunity

Answer 41

Binding of PAMPs by PRRs on phagocytic cells (e.g. macrophages in peripheral tissues) leads to an innate immune response.  FAST  requires no immunological memory

Question 42

adaptive immunity

Answer 42

This response is slower and activated by a cascade of chemical signals form sites of infection, and physically interaction with Phagocytic cells of the innate immune system know as DENDRITIC CELLS that migrate from sites of infection into lymphatic system to activate LYMPHOCYTES.§

Question 43

the extent to which the immune system are activated depends on

Answer 43

severity, context and | duration of disease - innate immunity is usually all that’s needed for a minor cut or splinter for example.

Question 44

composition of RBC

Answer 44

44%

Question 45

composition of WBC

Answer 45

1%

Question 46

composition of Plasma

Answer 46

55%

Question 47

serum

Answer 47

plasma without clotting factor