fungal biotechnology Flashcards
(28 cards)
fleming and antibiotics
1929
1942
ne-gene one- enzyme hypothesis in Neurospora crassa
recombinant DNA/ transformation
1987
2000
‘-omics’
dissection of yeast life cycle
Saccharmoyces cervisiae Schizosaccaromyces pombe.
-2001 nobel prize for medicine to Hartnell and Nurse
B-lactum antibiotics
penicillium spp- nobel prizes for fleming, florey and hain for penicillin and Dorothy Hodgkin for crystal structure
major tools for classical genetics
- ease of growth
- short life cycles
- most are haploid
- many have a sexual stage
- produce asexual spores that can be used or stored in bulk
- fungi serve as good models for biochemical studies
- simple nutrient requirements
biotechnological, fungi are..
- versatile metabolically
- form hyphae network/mycelium
- show polarised growth
- most important are ascomycete and certain basidiomycetes and zygomycete nucor spp
Neurospora crassa
is a type of red bread mold of the phylum Ascomycota. The genus name, meaning “nerve spore” refers to the characteristic striations on the spores.
- conidium
- hyphae
- mycelium
- colony
why is Neurospora crassa a model organism
N. crassa is used as a model organism because it is easy to grow and has a haploid life cycle that makes genetic analysis simple since recessive traits will show up in the offspring.
N. crassa show a
heterothallic life cycle
Heterothallic fungi
require two compatible partners to produce sexual spores
neurospora species are all
haploid
the various species of Neurospora show one of three different life cycles called
heterothallic, homothallic or pseudohomothallic
within each ascus of the N.crassa
there are 8 ascospores
-Ascospores germinate and produce hyphae resulting in colonies exactly like those produced by asexual spores.
homothallic fungi
which are capable of sexual reproduction from a single organism- due to having all the resources needed to reproduce sexually e.g. having male and female reproductive structures on the same thallus. the opp sexual functions are performed by different cells of a single mycelium
Perithecium of Neurospore
a round or flask shaped fruiting body with a pore through which the spore are discharged
a fungus suitable for industrial use must be able to
1 Spore easily
2 grow rapidly and form product in large-scale culture
3 produce the desired product in a relatively short period of time
4 grow in a relatively inexpensive nutrient in bulk quantities
5 not be pathogenic
Amenable to genetic manipulation
the fungal “players”
- Aspergillus niger
- Aspergillus oryzae
- Penicillium chrysogenum
- Cephalosporium acremonium
- Rhizopus spp
- Mucor spp
how can fungi be used in metabolism
as primary (organic acids) or secondary metabolites (enzymes, B-lactam antibiotics)
celluloyti fungi
trichoderma reesei, Penicillium pinophilum, Acremonium spp
Acremonium spp
fermentable sugars ad ethanol. Paper and pulp industry, textile industry, animal feed, biofuels.
Soju process
Apergillus oryzae to make soy sauce from soybeans and what or sake from rice in japan
fungal products: organic acids
- citric acid
- iraconic acid.. asbestos substitute
- fumaric acid.. food additive
